Table 1. Characteristics of demographic and clinical features of the patients, according to smoking status and pack-years exposure.
| Variables | Smoking status | pack-years exposure | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active smoker (N = 38;24.2%) | Ex-smoker (N = 6;3.8%) | Non-smoker (N = 113;72.0%) | P value | Severe smoker (N = 15;9.5%) | Light smoker (N = 29;18.5%) | Non-smoker (N = 113;72.0%) | P value | |
| Demographic features | ||||||||
| Age (years) | 47.37±10.92 | 53.17±6.05 | 44.67±10.48 | 0.081 | 54.6±6.91 | 44.83±10.62 | 44.67±10.48 | 0.002 |
| Gender(male, female) | 37/1 | 6/0 | 85/28 | 0.005 | 15/0 | 28/1 | 85/28 | 0.005 |
| Clinical features | ||||||||
| Preoperative laboratory values | ||||||||
| Hematocrit (%) | 30.4 (24.8, 33.3) | 36.7 (25.6, 44.9) | 29.9 (26.5, 36.4) | 0.529 | 28.6 (23.25, 36.57) | 31.2 (26.7, 34.3) | 29.9 (26.5, 36.4) | 0.795 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 63.0 (49.9, 73.7) | 72.1 (69.8, 82.3) | 56.0 (46.3, 68.5) | 0.004 | 67.0 (63.0, 97.3) | 62.3 (48.9, 73.0) | 56.0 (46.3, 68.5) | 0.002 |
| Total bilirubin (μmol/L) | 31.8 (21.5, 87.8) | 31.1 (11.8, 100.9) | 49.3 (20.7, 113.5) | 0.317 | 28.43 (19.30, 219.60) | 33.53 (19.63, 84.45) | 49.35 (20.69, 113.46) | 0.435 |
| Red cell (×1012/L) | 3.19±0.86 | 3.95±1.12 | 3.29±0.78 | 0.102 | 3.23±1.09 | 3.33±0.84 | 3.29±0.78 | 0.938 |
| Hemoglobin (g/L) | 102.5 (83.7, 118.3) | 133.5 (96.7, 154.3) | 100.0 (89.0, 121.0) | 0.104 | 103 (83, 130) | 103 (90, 115) | 100 (89, 121) | 0.967 |
| Platelet (×109/L) | 53.0 (39.5, 89.3) | 58.5 (44.5, 117.7) | 58.0 (33.0, 99.0) | 0.799 | 63 (37, 105) | 52 (41, 67) | 58 (33, 99) | 0.727 |
| Leukocyte (×109/L) | 4.80 (2.50, 6.40) | 4.81 (3.67, 5.30) | 3.62 (2.43, 5.67) | 0.329 | 5.11 (3.85, 6.95) | 4.61 (2.49, 5.67) | 3.62 (2.43, 5.67) | 0.118 |
| Lymphocyte (×109/L) | 0.70 (0.43, 1.18) | 1.13 (0.52, 1.43) | 0.63 (0.45,1.00) | 0.381 | 1.04 (0.53, 2.24) | 0.64 (0.43, 0.99) | 0.63 (0.45, 1.00) | 0.14 |
| Monocyte (×109/L) | 0.37 (0.23, 0.61) | 0.39 (0.15, 0.68) | 0.33 (0.17, 0.53) | 0.417 | 0.54 (0.27, 0.91) | 0.33 (0.21, 0.47) | 0.33 (0.17, 0.53) | 0.108 |
| Neutrophils granulocyte (×109/L) | 2.70 (1.70, 4.81) | 2.80 (2.23, 4.41) | 2.51 (1.68, 4.65) | 0.697 | 2.24 (2.18, 4.62) | 2.85 (1.45, 4.87) | 2.51 (1.68, 4.65) | 0.741 |
| AFP (μg/L) | 3.94 (2.85, 37.39) | 12.95 (7.66, 93.95) | 3.84 (2.30, 10.02) | 0.066 | 9.26 (3.07, 89.55) | 4.26 (2.51, 21.67) | 3.84 (2.30, 10.02) | 0.13 |
| ALT (U/L) | 27.72 (19.50, 46.13) | 64.5 (26.99, 88.72) | 31.85 (23.35, 56.75) | 0.21 | 38.3 (20.0, 52.0) | 27.4 (20.3, 46.6) | 31.9 (23.3, 56.70) | 0.536 |
| AST (U/L) | 38.86 (29.50, 61.56) | 44.69 (39.89, 67.25) | 46.00 (30.42, 75.61) | 0.368 | 41.0 (34.0, 87.0) | 39.0 (30.7, 53.2) | 46.0 (30.4, 75.6) | 0.469 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 33.60 (28.97, 36.83) | 35.05 (25.42, 42.55) | 25.61 (31.23, 41.93) | 0.165 | 33.40 (29.42, 36.21) | 33.74 (28.95, 38.92) | 35.61 (31.23, 41.93) | 0.167 |
| BUN (mmol/L) | 5.31 (4.15, 7.81) | 5.04 (3.83, 6.31) | 4.53 (3.32, 6.10) | 0.04 | 5.07 (3.98, 9.40) | 5.51 (4.18, 7.13) | 4.53 (3.32, 6.10) | 0.053 |
| Lactate (mmol/L) | 1.60 (1.03, 2.20) | 1.15 (1.10, 1.65) | 1.40 (1.00, 2.20) | 0.857 | 1.65 (1.05, 1.930) | 1.45 (1.07, 2.00) | 1.40 (1.00, 2.20) | 0.982 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.38 (4.63, 7.09) | 8.60 (5.92, 14.31) | 5.55 (4.65, 7.40) | 0.107 | 5.36 (4.50, 8.60) | 5.92 (4.92, 6.97) | 5.55 (4.65, 7.40) | 0.94 |
| PT (s) | 18.50 (16.65, 21.20) | 15.60 (14.85, 17.72) | 18.20 (15.50, 22.20) | 0.221 | 19.3 (17.7, 22.2) | 17.1 (16.0, 20.7) | 18.2 (15.5, 22.2) | 0.429 |
| INR | 1.58 (1.37, 1.81) | 1.31 (1.20, 1.53) | 1.51 (1.22, 1.91) | 0.362 | 1.66 (1.50, 1.85) | 1.40 (1.30, 1.72) | 1.51 (1.22, 1.91) | 0.405 |
| APTT (s) | 44.6 (40.7, 49.4) | 38.3 (34.1, 47.4) | 43.4 (39.2, 49.7) | 0.242 | 45.9 (40.9, 49.5) | 43.5 (38.3, 49.1) | 43.4 (39.2, 49.7) | 0.892 |
| Hepatic features | ||||||||
| MELD | 12.0 (6.0, 16.5) | 8.5 (3.5, 14.7) | 10.0 (6.0, 15.5) | 0.698 | 13 (9, 22) | 9 (6, 13) | 10 (6, 15) | 0.197 |
| Etiology | 0.214 | 0.354 | ||||||
| Viral hepatitis | 20 (52.6) | 3 (50) | 53 (47.3) | 7 (46.7) | 16 (55.2) | 53 (47.3) | ||
| Alcoholic cirrhosis | 2 (5.3) | 0 (0) | 3 (2.7) | 0 (0) | 2 (6.9) | 3 (2.7) | ||
| Hepatocellular Carcinoma | 14 (36.8) | 3 (50) | 34 (30.4) | 7 (46.7) | 10 (34.5) | 34 (30.4) | ||
| Primary biliary cirrhosis & Autoimmune liver disease | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 12 (10.7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 12 (10.7) | ||
| Other | 2 (5.3) | 0 (0) | 10 (8.9) | 1 (6.7) | 1 (3.4) | 10 (8.6) | ||
| Coexisting conditions | ||||||||
| Drinking(%) | 18 (47.4) | 5 (83.3) | 7 (6.2) | <0.001 | 9 (60) | 14 (48.3) | 7 (6.2) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension(%) | 3 (7.9) | 0 (0) | 5 (4.4) | 0.594 | 2 (13.3) | 1 (3.4) | 5 (4.4) | 0.305 |
| Diabetes(%) | 2 (5.3) | 1 (16.7) | 12 (10.6) | 0.52 | 2 (13.3) | 1 (3.4) | 12 (10.6) | 0.439 |
Abbreviations: AFP, alpha fetoprotein; ALT, Alanine aminotransferase; AST, Aspartate transaminase; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; PT, prothrombin time; APTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; INR, international normalized ratio; MELD, model for end-stage liver disease.
Normal distribution variables are reported as means ± standard deviations (SD) and compared by the student’s t-test. Abnormal distribution variables are reported as medians (interquartile range, IQR) and compared by the Mann-Whitney rank-sum test. Categorical variables are reported as numbers and percentages and compared by the Chi-squared analysis or Fisher’s exact test.