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. 2017 May 19;9:151–161. doi: 10.2147/NSS.S134864

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Proposed mechanisms by which sleep disruption is thought to exert its detrimental short- and long-term effects.

Notes: ↑, increase; ↓, decrease. Data from the following references.9,12,4145

Abbreviations: ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone; CO2, carbon dioxide; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; IL, interleukin; CRP, C-reactive protein; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.