Table 2.
Negative Binominal Regression Analysis of Social Isolation and Depressive Symptoms (CES-D) and Psychological Distress(K6) among older Americans
| Depressive Symptoms (CES-D) | Psychological Distress (K6) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Independent Variablesa,b | Model 1 b(S.E.) |
Model 1a b(S.E.) |
Model 2 b(S.E.) |
Model 2a b(S.E.) |
| Objective Social Isolation | ||||
| Objective Isolation from Both Family and Friends | 0.35(0.15)* | 0.14(0.15) | -0.11(0.25) | -0.21(0.24) |
| Objective Isolation from Family Only | 0.23(0.13) | 0.23(0.12) | 0.26(0.16) | 0.25(0.17) |
| Objective Isolation from Friends Only | 0.11(0.14) | 0.02(0.15) | 0.00(0.19) | -0.07(0.19) |
| Not Objectively Isolated from either group | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Subjective Social Isolation | ||||
| Subjective Isolation from Both Family and Friends | -- | 0.39(0.14)** | -- | 0.32(0.27) |
| Subjective Isolation from Family Only | -- | 0.09(0.15) | -- | 0.12(0.28) |
| Subjective Isolation from Friends Only | -- | 0.40(0.09)*** | -- | 0.39(0.12)** |
| Not Subjectively Isolated from either Group | 0 | 0 | ||
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||
| African American | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Black Caribbean | 0.15(0.14) | 0.09(0.13) | 0.16(0.13) | 0.10(0.12) |
| White | 0.44(0.09)*** | 0.43(0.09)*** | 0.40(0.09)*** | 0.39(0.10)*** |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Female | 0.16(0.13) | 0.17(0.13) | 0.26(0.12)* | 0.26(0.13)* |
| Age | -0.01(0.01)* | -0.01(0.01)* | -0.02(0.01)** | -0.02(0.01)** |
| Family Income | -0.01(0.01)* | -0.01(0.01)* | -0.01(0.01)* | -0.01(0.01)* |
| Education | -0.03(0.01) | -0.03(0.01)* | -0.02(0.01)* | -0.03(0.01)* |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Non- Married | -0.09(0.09) | -0.12(0.10) | -0.09(0.12) | -0.11(0.12) |
| # of Chronic Health Problems | 0.08(0.02)*** | 0.08(0.02)*** | 0.15(0.02)*** | 0.15(0.02)*** |
| F | 16.84*** | 14.91*** | 11.66*** | 12.18*** |
| N | 1267 | 1238 | 1270 | 1241 |
b=regression coefficient, S.E. = standard error.
Note: Significance test of the individual parameter estimates were based on a complex design-corrected t-test.
a
Regression coefficients and standard errors are reported.
b
Several independent variables are represented by dummy variables. Race /Ethnicity, African Americans are the excluded category; Gender, 0 = female, 1 = male; Marital Status, married is the excluded category
*
p<.05
**
p< .01
***
p<.001