Table 1. Characteristics of study participants according to the frequency of instant noodle consumption¹⁾.

BMI: body mass index

¹⁾Data are presented as mean ± SD or N(%). Alcohol consumption, smoking behavior, and physical activity data were analyzed in 3,210, 3,345, and 3,294 subjects, respectively.

²⁾P-value by one-way analysis of variance or χ² test.