Fig. 4.

a Time-delay embedded attractor of the Lorenz system color-coded by the activity of the forcing term v ₁₁. Trajectories in gray correspond to regions where the forcing is small and the dynamics are well approximated by Koopman linear dynamics. The trajectories in red indicate that lobe switching is about to occur. b Illustration of one intermittent lobe switching event. The trajectory starts at point A, and resides in the basin of the right lobe for six revolutions until B, when the forcing becomes large, indicating an imminent switching event. The trajectory makes one final revolution (red) and switches to the left lobe C, where it makes three more revolutions. At point D, the activity of the forcing signal v ₁₁ will increase, indicating that switching is imminent