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. 2017 May 30;7:2536. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-02699-9

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Diurnal cycle of median traffic count data (black line - left axis), measured (blue circles) and model fitted (dashed blue line) mass flux ratio of NO_x/CO₂ (right axis). The corresponding calculated end members for traffic and residential combustion ratios are indicated by blue and green horizontal lines. The shading reflects one standard deviation. In addition colored dashed lines show predictions using fixed emission ratios from COPERT (magenta) and ACCMIP (red).