Table 1.
Development of laparoscopic liver resection over the first 25 years
| Year | Procedure [Ref] | Related developments (technological, technical, conceptual) |
| 1991 | 1st report of LLR[4-6] (partial resection in AL) | |
| 1996 | LLS[7,8] | |
| 1997 | Hemi-hepatectomy[13-15] | Energy devices |
| (coagulating, sealing, shearing) | ||
| CUSA | ||
| HALS[19,20] and hybrid[21,22], | ||
| Inflow control[17,18] | ||
| 2000s-2010s | Sectionectomy (right posterior, right anterior, left medial) | Glissonian approach |
| (extra-[26], intra-hepatic[27]) | ||
| Caudal approach[10,31] | ||
| Postural change[29-31] | ||
| Segmentectomy and partial resection of segments 7, 8, 1 | Postural change[29-31] | |
| Caudal approach[10,31] | ||
| Lateral approach[37-39] (intercostal port) | ||
| Tracoscopic approach[40,41] | ||
| Limited anatomical resection and modified anatomical (extended and/or combining limited) resection[48-51] | Simulation and navigation[46,47] | |
| 3D endoscope[45] |
Ref: Reference number in the References section; LLR: Laparoscopic liver resection; AL: Anterolateral segments; LLS: Left lateral sectionectomy; CUSA: Cavitron ultrasonic surgical aspirator; HALS: Hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery; Hybrid: Laparoscopic-assisted LLR; 3D: Three-dimensional.