Figure 2.

All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) reduces integrin expression in A549 cells. Cells were treated with 100 nM ATRA or vehicle every 24 hours for 48 hours and then prepared for (A and B) flow cytometry, (C) quantitative PCR (qPCR; three experiments, three replicates per experiment), and (D) 2-hour motility assays. (A) Flow cytometry for integrins α₃, α₆, β₁, and β₄. (B) The relative average surface expression of the indicated integrins was calculated from flow cytometry data (3 experiments, 4 × 10³ events per sample). (D) Quantification of the speed and processivity of ATRA- and vehicle-treated cells (3 experiments, >140 cells). Results are presented as means (±SEM). Statistical analyses: t test. NS, not significant; **P < 0.01, ^⁂P < 0.001.