Table 1. Baseline characteristics, clinical management, and outcomes.
| Characteristics | Total (n=5625) | Survivor (n=5356) | In-hospital death (n=269) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age (years) | 68.5±14.5 | 68.4±14.5 | 70.5±14.4 | 0.013* |
| Male (%) | 53.2 | 53.0 | 58.4 | 0.083† |
| Body mass index (m/kg2) | 23.3±3.9 | 23.3±3.9 | 22.8±3.8 | 0.026* |
| Co-morbidities§ (%) | ||||
| Hypertension | 62.2 | 62.2 | 62.1 | 0.981† |
| Diabetes | 40.0 | 39.4 | 51.3 | <0.001† |
| Ischemic heart disease | 42.9 | 42.1 | 58.4 | <0.001† |
| Atrial fibrillation | 28.5 | 28.7 | 23.4 | 0.059† |
| Chronic lung disease | 11.3 | 11.0 | 15.6 | 0.021† |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 15.2 | 15.0 | 17.8 | 0.210† |
| Chronic renal failure | 14.3 | 14.0 | 20.8 | 0.002† |
| Etiology | ||||
| Ischemic CMP | 37.6 | 36.8 | 53.5 | <0.0001† |
| Hypertensive CMP | 4.0 | 4.1 | 1.5 | 0.034† |
| Idiopathic dilated CMP | 15.3 | 15.5 | 10.0 | 0.015† |
| Clinical status on admission and discharge | ||||
| De novo HF (%) | 52.2 | 52.3 | 49.8 | 0.423† |
| Lung congestion (%) | 78.9 | 78.3 | 90.3 | <0.001† |
| SBP at admission (mmHg) | 131.2±30.3 | 131.9±30.1 | 115.3±29.7 | <0.001* |
| SBP at discharge (mmHg) | 114.8±17.6 | 114.8±17.6 | - | - |
| DBP at admission (mmHg) | 78.6±18.8 | 79.0±18.6 | 69.9±20.2 | <0.001* |
| DBP at discharge (mmHg) | 67.1±11.5 | 67.1±11.5 | - | - |
| Heart rate at admission (/min) | 92.6±26.0 | 92.5±25.8 | 95.5±28.3 | 0.051* |
| Heart rate at discharge (/min) | 76.8±14.2 | 76.8±14.2 | - | - |
| NYHA class III-IV (%) at admission | 84.8 | 84.4 | 93.7 | <0.001† |
| NYHA class III-IV (%) at discharge | 10.8 | 10.8 | - | |
| ECG and echocardiography (%) | ||||
| RBBB | 7.1 | 6.8 | 12.6 | <0.001† |
| LBBB | 5.2 | 5.3 | 4.5 | 0.563† |
| Other IVCD | 6.2 | 5.7 | 14.9 | <0.001† |
| LVEF | 37.7±15.6 | 37.9±15.6 | 32.6±15.9 | <0.001* |
| Management (%) | ||||
| Parenteral diuretics | 74.9 | 74.4 | 85.9 | <0.001† |
| Parenteral inotropes | 31.1 | 28.4 | 85.1 | <0.001† |
| Parenteral vasodilators | 40.9 | 40.8 | 43.5 | 0.376† |
| ACEIs/ARBs at admission | 38.2 | 38.5 | 32.7 | 0.056† |
| ACEIs/ARBs at discharge | 65.9 | 68.8 | <0.001† | |
| Beta-blockers at admission | 28.3 | 28.6 | 22.7 | 0.035† |
| Beta-blockers at discharge | 49.9 | 52.2 | <0.001† | |
| AAs at admission | 18.8 | 18.8 | 17.8 | 0.695† |
| AAs at discharge | 44.9 | 46.6 | <0.001† | |
| Warfarin at discharge | 28.3 | 29.5 | <0.001† | |
| Heart transplantation | 1.2 | 1.2 | 2.6 | 0.049‡ |
| Outcomes | ||||
| Length of hospital stay (days) | 9 (1, 311) | 9 (1, 311) | 12 (1, 305) | <0.001* |
| Total cost per admission (US dollars)ll | 9672.2±20969.2 | 8682.3±17787.0 | 29462.5±50030.4 | <0.001* |
| Patient liability costs (US dollars) | 3047.5±6007.7 | 2843.8±5533.2 | 7119.1±11341.5 | <0.001* |
| In-hospital mortality (%) | 4.8 |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation, median (min, max) or n (%). *A p value by Wilcoxon rank sum test, †p value by Chi-square test, ‡p value by Fisher's exact test, §includes in-hospital diagnoses, IIUS$ 1 is 1100 Korean won. CMP: cardiomyopathy, HF: heart failure, SBP: systolic blood pressure, DBP: diastolic blood pressure, ECG: electrocardiography, RBBB: right bundle branch block, LBBB: left bundle branch block, IVCD: intraventricular conduction delay, LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction, ACEIs: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, ARBs: angiotensin receptor blockers, AAs: aldosterone antagonists