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. 2017 Feb 21;45(10):6011–6022. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx134

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© The Author(s) 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Nucleic Acids Research.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com

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Figure 3. — Experiments using optical tweezers to test regular pseudoknots. (A) Representative force-extension curves for DU177 in the process of gradually increasing the force, showing three major types of unfolding patterns (I, II and III). The structures usually disrupt suddenly and appear as a rip (transition) on the curve, indicated by arrowheads. Type III is featured with multiple back-and-forth small transitions before the rip (inset). (B) The unfolding forces and distance changes from all the transitions for DU177 (top) and the UUC mutant (bottom). The curves show the worm-like chain model for the native pseudoknot from DU177 or UUC, of which an unfolding transition is expected to be located on the curve. (C) Histograms of unfolding forces for DU177 (top) and UUC (bottom). The average force and population percentage (in parentheses) for the low-force peak and high-force peak are shown. See Supplementary Table S1 for more details.