Table 3.
Final multivariable model showing factors associated with viral suppression among refugees and host nationals on ART for ≥25 weeks at baseline in Kakuma, Kenya (N = 128a)
| Factor | Prevalence <5000 copies/mL, n/N (%) | Crude odds ratio (95% CI) | p-value | Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)b | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age group (years)c | |||||
| 18+ | 14/31 (45) | 1 | p(tr) = 0.90 | 1 | p(tr) = 0.82 |
| 30+ | 33/63 (52) | 1.34 (0.56, 3.17) | 1.47 (0.57, 3.76) | ||
| 40+ | 16/34 (47) | 1.08 (0.41, 2.87) | 0.90 (0.31, 2.59) | ||
| Refugee status | |||||
| Host | 9/20 (45) | 1 | p = 0.08 | 1 | p = 0.17 |
| Refugee | 19/41 (46) | 1.88 (0.93, 3.81) | 1.69 (0.79, 3.57) | ||
| Time on ART (years)c | 35/67 (52) | ||||
| 0- | 1 | p(tr) = 0.49 | 1 | p(tr) = 0.76 | |
| 1- | 30/71 (42) | 1.06 (0.36, 3.09) | 0.80 (0.26, 2.49) | ||
| 2+ | 33/57 (58) | 1.34 (0.49, 3.64) | 1.00 (0.34, 2.95) | ||
| Time from HIV diagnosis to ART start (weeks)c | |||||
| 0- | 8/29 (28) | 1 | p(tr) = 0.006 | 1 | p(tr) = 0.01 |
| 24- | 6/13 (46) | 2.25 (0.58, 8.78) | 2.71 (0.66, 11.11) | ||
| 48+ | 49/86 (57) | 3.48 (1.39, 8.72) | 3.61 (1.37, 9.47) | ||
| Adherence to medication schedule, self-reportedb | |||||
| Inconsistent | 7/25 (28) | 1 | p = 0.02 | 1 | p = 0.02 |
| Consistent | 56/103 (54) | 3.06 (1.18, 7.96) | 3.12 (1.14, 8.49) | ||
| Self-reported dosing scheduleb, d | |||||
| Incorrect dosing | 11/28 (39) | 1 | p = 0.23 | 1 | p = 0.05 |
| Correct dosing | 52/100 (52) | 1.67 (0.71, 3.93) | 2.52 (0.96, 6.58) | ||
p-values are log likelihood ratio tests; CI, confidence interval
aThree clients with incomplete data were excluded
bAdjusted for all factors in table except adherence factors denoted by superscript d. Factors were not adjusted for adherence to avoid risk of over-adjustment bias given that adherence mediates viral load
cFactor modelled as a linear effect; p(tr) = p(trend)
dIncorrect dosing was determined by comparing self-reported dosing schedules to standard dosing schedules [45]