Fig. 3.

Summary of molecules associated with CSDH formation including recruitment of inflammatory cells (green), angiogenesis of highly permeable and leaky capillaries (red), processes supporting membrane formation (brown) and fibrinolysis promoting further haemorrhage (blue). Abbreviations: Ang angiopoietin, FDPs fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products, HIF hypoxia-inducible factor, IL interleukin, JAK-STAT Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription, MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase, MMP matrix metalloproteinase, NO nitric oxide, PGE prostaglandin E, PI3-Akt phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-serine/threonine kinase, PICP procollagen type 1, PIIINP procollagen type 3, tPA tissue plasminogen activator, VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor