Table 3.
Summary of reproductive outcomes related to the polluted sites (order by outcome)
| Outcomes | Polluted site | Study design | Population study | Database study | Methods | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Birth outcome (LBW/PTB) | ||||||
| LBW | Landfill | Ecologic study | All live births | National birth data-based study | Poisson regression model | Elliot et al. 2001 [45] |
| All births in Scotland | National birth data-based study | Model prediction from poisson regression | Morris et al. 2003 [47] | |||
| All births | Register of the office for national statistics | Poisson cumulative probabilities were calculated | Field et al. 2000 [21] | |||
| Birth certificate-based study | All births | Birth certificate | Logistic regression model | Berry et al. 1997 [27] | ||
| Case–control study | All live births to residents on Island of Montreal, 1979–1989 (excluded multiple birth and births to parous mothers) | Birth registration | Unconditional logistic regression | Goldbrg et al. 1995 [54] | ||
| Retrospective cohort study | All singleton live births in England, 1986–1999 | Office of National statistics birth recodes | Logistic regression | Morgan et al. 2004 [50] | ||
| Dumpsite | Retrospective cohort study | All live singleton live births without congenital anomalies | Alaska Bureau of Vital statistics | Logistic regression | Gilbreath et al. 2006 [29] | |
| Industry | Case–control study | All births from the 1988 National Maternal and Infant Health Survey conducted in 48 states | National Maternal and Infant Health Survey (NMIHS) | Univariate and multivariate analyses | Sosniak et al. 1994 [30] | |
| Industry | Ecological study | All births in Teesside and Sunderland, 1986–1993 | Office of population and censuses and survey | Unclear | Bhopal et al. 1999 [48] | |
| All singleton live births registred between 2004–2008 | National institute for statistics | A Besag, York, and Mollié model | Castello et al. 2013 [53] | |||
| HWS | Ecologic study | All births during 1994–2000 (excluded plural birth) | Birth certificate-based study | Multiple logistic models | Baibergenova et al. 2003 [28] | |
| Cohort study | All Live births and stillbirths, 1988–1998 | Nova scotia atlee perinatal database | Logistic regression models | Dodds et al. 2001 [55] | ||
| Incinerator | Retrospective cohort study | All births and fetal deaths in Japan, 1997–1998 | Vital statistic records and birth certificate data | Stone’s unconditional test | Tango et al. 2004 [56] | |
| LBW | Several site | Case–control study | All live births 1983–1985 | Vital statistics files | Linear regression | Shaw et al. 1992 [23] |
| PTB | Landfill | Birth certificate-based study | All births | Birth certificate | Logistic regression model | Berry et al. 1997 [27] |
| Case–control study | All live births to residents on Island of Montreal, 1979–1989 (excluded multiple birth and births to parous mothers) | Birth registration | Unconditional logistic regression | Goldbrg et al. 1995 [54] | ||
| Waste | Cohort study | Live births and stillbirths, 1988–1998 | Nova scotia atlee perinatal database | Logistic regression models | Dodds et al. 2001 [55] | |
| Dumpsite | Retrospective cohort study | All live singleton live births in Alaska Native villages without congenital anomalies | Birth records from the Alaska Bureau of Vital statistics | Logistic regression | Gilbreath et al. 2006 [29] | |
| Indurties | Ecologic study | All singleton live births registred between 2004–2008 | National institute for statistics | A Besag, York, and Mollié model | Castello et al. 2013 [53] | |
| SGA | Indurties | Ecologic study | All singleton live births registred between 2004–2008 | National institute for statistics | A Besag, York, and Mollié model | Castello et al. 2013 [53] |
| Landfill | Case–control study | All live births to residents on Island of Montreal, 1979–1989 (excluded multiple birth and births to parous mothers) | Birth registration | Unconditional logistic regression | Goldbrg et al. 1995 [54] | |
| IURG | Waste site | Cohort study | Live births and stillbirths, 1988–1998 | Nova scotia atlee perinatal database | Logistic regression models | Dodds et al. 2001 [55] |
| Dumpsite | Retrospective cohort study | All live singleton live births in Alaska Native villages without congenital anomalies | Birth records from the Alaska Bureau of Vital statistics | Logistic regression | Gilbreath et al. 2006 [29] | |
| Fetal /neonataldealth | ||||||
| Stillbirth | Incinerators | Retrospective cohort study | All live birth and stillbirth | Birth certificate (Cumbriam birth database) | Multivariate logistic regression | Dummer et al. 2003c [44] |
| Industrie | Retrospective cohort study | All live birth and stillbirth | Cohort-based study | Multivariate logistic regression | Dummer et al. 2003b [43] | |
| Ecological study | All births and stillbirths in Teesside and Sunderland, 1986–1993 | Office of population and censuses and survey | Unclear | Bhopal et al. 1999 [48] | ||
| Landfill | Ecologic study | Study of live births andstillbirths | National birth and stillbirth data | Poisson regression model | Elliott et al. 2001 [45] | |
| All births and stillbirths in Scotland between 1982 and 1997 | National register-based study | Poisson regression model | Morris et al. 2003 [47] | |||
| Retrospective cohort study | All live births and stillbirths | Cohort-based study | Multivariate logistic regression | Dummer et al. 2003a [42] | ||
| Neonatal death | Incinerators | Retrospective cohort study | All live birth and stillbirth | Birth certificate (Cumbriam birth database) | Multivariate logistic regression | Dummer et al. 2003c [44] |
| Retrospective cohort study | All births and fetal deaths in Japan, 1997–1998 | Vital statistic records and birth certificate data | Unconditional test | Tango et al. 2004 [56] | ||
| Industrie | Retrospective cohort study | All live birth and stillbirth | Cohort-based study | Multivariate logistic regression | Dummer et al. 2003b [43] | |
| Landfill | Retrospective cohort study | All live birth and stillbirth | Cohort-based study | Multivariate logistic regression | Dummer et al. 2003a [42] | |
| Dumpsite | Retrospective cohort | All live births and fetal deaths in Alaska Native villages, 1997–2001 | Birth records from the Alaska Bureau of Vital statistics | Logistic regression | Gilbreath and Kass 2006 [36] | |
| Crematorium | Retrospective cohort study | All live birth and stillbirth | Birth certificate (Cumbriam birth database) | Multivariate logistic regression | Dummer et al. 2003c [44] | |
| Infant death | Incinerators | Retrospective cohort study | All births and fetal deaths in Japan, 1997–1998 | Vital statistic records and birth certificate data | Unconditional test | Tango et al. 2004 [56] |
| Waste site | Case–control study | All births | National maternal and infant health survey | Univariate and multivariate analyses | Sosniak et al. 1994 [30] | |
| Fetal death | Waste site | Case–control | All births and fetal death | Birth and death records (Washington State vital records) | Multivariable logistic regression | Mueller et al. 2007 [40] |
| Dumpsite | Retrospective cohort | All live births and fetal deaths in Alaska Native villages, 1997–2001 | Birth records from the Alaska Bureau of Vital statistics | Logistic regression | Gilbreath et al. 2006 [36] | |
| All congenital anomaly combined | ||||||
| Landfill | Ecologic study | Live births, stillbirths, congenital malformations including termination | Congenital register-based study | Poisson regression model | Elliott et al. 2001 [45] | |
| Ecologic study | All births, stillbirths, and termination registries in Scotland between 1982 and 1997 | National register-based study | Poisson regression model | Morris et al. 2003 [47] | ||
| Live and still born babies | Register of the office for national statistics | Poisson regression | Field et al. 2000 [21] | |||
| Live births, stillbirths and termination | National congenital anomaly register-based study | Bayesian hierarchical logistic regression | Elliott et al. 2009 [11] | |||
| Live births, late foetal deaths and terminations | The National Down’s Syndrome Cytogenetics Register (NDSCR) | Regression modelling within a bayesian framework | Jarup et al. 2007 [49] | |||
| Cohort study | All birth (live birth) | UK office national | Logistic regression model | Palmer et al. 2005 [46] | ||
| Retrospective cohort study | Live births and stillbirths | Cohort | Multivariate logistic regression | Dummer et al. 2003a [42] | ||
| Case–control study | All live births, stillbirth, fetal deaths, and pregnancy terminations | Malformation register | Logistic regression models | Vriljheld et al. 2002a [51] | ||
| Case–control study | Live births, stillbirths, and fetal deaths from 20 weeks gestation, and termination of pregnancy | Malformation register | Logistic regression models | Vriljheld et al. 2002b [1] | ||
| Case–control study | All live births, stillbirth, fetal deaths, and pregnancy terminations | Malformation register | Logistic and related binomial regression models | Dolk et al. 1998 [52] | ||
| Cohort and case–control studies | Regional congenital anomalies registry | Boyle et al. 2004 [41] | ||||
| Ecological study | All births | Danish Birth Defect Register | Risk rate calculated by dividing the sum of congenital anomalies by total birth | Kloppenborg et al. 2005 [26] | ||
| Waste site | Case–control study | All live births, 1983–1984 | Congenital malformations registry | Unconditional linear logistic regression | Geschwind et al. 1992 [37] | |
| Case–control study | All births and fetal deaths, 1983–1988; | Birth and fetal death certificate | Logistic regression model | Orr et al. 2002 [12] | ||
| Case–control study | Study of births from the 1988 National Maternal and Infant Health Survey conducted in 48 states | National Maternal and Infant Health Survey | Univariate and multivariate analyses | Sosniak et al. 1994 [30] | ||
| Case–control study | All singleton birth | The Newe York State Congenital Malformation Registry | Unconditional logistic regression | Marshall et al. 1997 [38] | ||
| Singleton infant born alive or stillborn | California birth Defects Monitoring Program | Unconditional logistic regression | Croen et al. 1997 [35] | |||
| All liveborn | Registry of all cases of confirmed heart disease born in Dallas County, Texas | Chi-square and mantel Haenzel analysis | Malik et al. 2004 [31] | |||
| All live birth | Childrens’s Hospital of Wisconsin (CHW) and birth record | Logistic regression | Yauck et al. 2004 [22] | |||
| Live births and fetal deaths | Texas Birth Defects Registry | Logistic regression | Brender et al. 2008 [33] | |||
| Live births and fetal deaths (unless the termination had a vital record) | Texas Birth Defects Registry | Logistic regression | Brender et al. 2006 [32] | |||
| Live births and fetal deaths of 20 weeks or greater gestation | Texas Birth Defects Registry | Logistic regression | Suarez et al. 2007 [39] | |||
| Live births and fetal deaths | Texas Birth Defects Registry and birth or fetal death certificat | Logistic regression | Langlois et al. 2009 [13] | |||
| Fetal deaths of ≥ 20 weeks gestation and live births, | Washington State vital record | Mantel haenzel analysis, logistic regression | Mueller et al. 2007 [40] | |||
| Ecologic study | All live birth, stillbirths induced abortions and fetal death | Northern region Congenital Abnormality Survey (NorCAS) | Poisson regressions | Cresswel et al. 2003 [24] | ||
| Cohort study | Live births and stillbirths, 1988–1998 | Nova scotia atlee perinatal database | Logistic regression models | Dodds et al. 2001 [55] | ||
| Descriptive geographical study | All birth defect cases and births during 1982–1989 | Glasgow Register of Congenital anomalies | Poisson regressions | Eizaguirre et al. 2000 [25] | ||
| Case–control study | All singleton infant born during 1987–2001 | Birth-hospital discharge records | Multivariable logistic regression | Kuhen et al. 2007 [34] | ||
| Industries | Ecological study | All births, stillbirths, and terminations in Teesside and Sunderland, 1986–1993 | Congenital abnormalities register | Unclear | Bhopal et al. 1999 [48] | |
| Retrospective cohort study | All live births and stillbirths | Cohort-based study | Multivariate logistic regression | Dummer et al. 2003b [43] | ||
| Ecological study | All live births and stillbirths | Regional medical center | Calculation of rate | Bentov et al. 2006 [57] | ||
| Case–control study | All singleton birth | The Newe York State Congenital Malformation Registry | Unconditional logistic regression | Marshall et al. 1997 [38] | ||
| All live birth | Childrens’s Hospital of Wisconsin (CHW) and birth record | Logistic regression | Yauck et al. 2004 [22] | |||
| Live births and fetal deaths | Texas Birth Defects Registry | Logistic regression | Brender et al. 2008 [33] | |||
| Case–control study | Live births and fetal deaths | Texas Birth Defects Registry | Logistic regression | Brender et al. 2008 [33] | ||
| Live births and fetal deaths of 20 weeks or greater gestation | Texas Birth Defects Registry | Logistic regression | Suarez et al. 2007 [39] | |||
| Live births and fetal deaths | Texas Birth Defects Registry and birth or fetal death certificat | Logistic regression | Langlois et al. 2009 [13] | |||
| Dumpsite | Retrospective cohort | Live births and fetal deaths in Alaska Native villages, 1997–2001 | Birth records from the Alaska Bureau of Vital statistics | Poisson regression | Gilbreath et al. 2006 [36] | |
| Several sites | Case–control study | All live births and fetal deaths 1983–1985 | California Births Defects Monitoring Program | Logistic regression | Shaw et al. 1992 [23] | |
| Incinerators | Retrospective cohort | All births and fetal deaths in Japan, 1997–1998 | Vital statistic records and birth certificate data | Stone’s unconditional test | Tango et al. 2004 [56] | |
| Retrospective cohort study | Live births and stillbirths | Birth certificate (Cumbriam birth database) | Multivariate logistic regression | Dummer et al. 2003 [44] | ||
| Crematoriums | Retrospective Cohort study | Live births and stillbirths | Birth certificate (Cumbriam birth database) | Multivariate logistic regression | Dummer et al. 2003 [44] | |