Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the study population stratified by MetS status and gender
| Characteristic | Men (n = 32,601) | Women (n = 46,070) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MetS | Without MetS | MetS | Without MetS | |
| n (%) | 6220 (19) | 26,381 (81) | 5367 (12) | 40,703 (88) |
| Age (years) | 49 ± 11* | 44 ± 13 | 50 ± 12* | 44 ± 12 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 29.8 ± 3.6* | 25.5 ± 3.1 | 30.6 ± 5.1* | 25.1 ± 4.1 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 106 ± 9* | 93 ± 9 | 100 ± 11* | 85 ± 11 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 141 ± 14* | 129 ± 14 | 138 ± 16* | 121 ± 15 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 82 ± 9* | 76 ± 9 | 79 ± 9* | 72 ± 9 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.4 ± 1.1* | 5.1 ± 1.0 | 5.4 ± 1.1* | 5.0 ± 1.0 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.04 ± 0.23* | 1.37 ± 0.30 | 1.24 ± 0.30* | 1.65 ± 0.38 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.56 ± 0.93* | 3.35 ± 0.89 | 3.57 ± 0.95* | 3.05 ± 0.88 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 2.03 (1.60–2.73)* | 1.04 (0.77–1.40) | 1.72 (1.18–2.14)* | 0.83 (0.64–1.11) |
| Creatinine clearance (mL/min)a | 137 ± 36* | 124 ± 28 | 125 ± 39* | 111 ± 29 |
| Creatinine clearance (mL/min)b | 130 ± 18* | 128 ± 16 | 135 ± 21 | 134 ± 18 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 5.45 ± 0.55* | 4.98 ± 0.43 | 5.33 ± 0.61* | 4.75 ± 0.42 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.7 ± 0.3* | 5.5 ± 0.3 | 5.7 ± 0.4* | 5.5 ± 0.3 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 38.5 ± 3.8 | 36.7 ± 3.2 | 39.3 ± 3.9 | 36.5 ± 3.2 |
| Statin use, n (%) | 783 (13)* | 1260 (5) | 554 (10)* | 1029 (3) |
| TG-lowering medication, n (%) | 44 (1)* | 9 (0.01) | 16 (0.3)* | 3 (0.01) |
| BP-lowering medication, n (%) | 1445 (23)* | 2008 (8) | 1919 (36)* | 3099 (8) |
| MI, n (%) | 214 (3.5)* | 289 (1.1) | 56 (1.0)* | 94 (0.2) |
| CVA, n (%) | 70 (1.1)* | 188 (0.7) | 66 (1.2)* | 203 (0.5) |
| Coffee consumption (cups per day) | 4.7 (2.8–5.6)* | 3.7 (2.8–5.6) | 3.3 (1.9–4.7)* | 2.8 (1.3–4.7) |
| Smoking status, n (%) | ||||
| Non-smokers | 2117 (34)* | 12,259 (47) | 2203 (41)* | 19,836 (49) |
| Ex-smokers | 2425 (39) | 8271 (32) | 1899 (36) | 12,847 (32) |
| Current smokers | 1629 (27) | 5677 (21) | 1228 (23) | 7698 (19) |
| Pack-years | ||||
| Ex-smokers | 12.8 (6.5–21.9)* | 8.2 (3.8–15.0) | 7.8 (3.5–15.3)* | 5.2 (2.2–10.4) |
| Current-smokers | 18.0 (10.7–27.0)* | 12.9 (6.4–21.5) | 16.9 (9.6–26.3)* | 11.2 (5.4–18.8) |
| SAF (AU) | 2.07 ± 0.44* | 1.94 ± 0.43 | 2.07 ± 0.45* | 1.86 ± 0.42 |
| SAF Z-score | 0.21 ± 0.02* | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.19 ± 0.02* | −0.10 ± 0.01 |
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation, or median (interquartile range) and number (%)
AU arbitrary units, BP blood pressure, CVA cerebrovascular accident, GFR Glomerular Filtration Rate, HDL high density lipoprotein, LDL low density lipoprotein, MetS metabolic syndrome, Mi myocardial infarction, SAF skin autofluorescence, TG triglycerides
* p value <0.001
aCreatinine clearance (Cockcroft-Gault formula), b Creatinine clearance (CKD EPI)