Table 2.
Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios for metabolic syndrome and its components associated with tertiles of SAF (total population)
| Metabolic syndrome | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | p value | OR | p value | OR | p value | |
| SAF (continuous) | 2.37 (2.27−2.48) | <0.0001 | 1.36 (1.28–1.44) | <0.0001 | 1.17 (1.08–1.26) | <0.0001 |
| Low SAF | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| Intermediate SAF | 1.71 (1.62–1.81) | <0.0001 | 1.13 (1.06–1.21) | <0.0001 | 1.11 (1.01–1.22) | 0.031 |
| High SAF | 2.61 (2.48–2.75) | <0.0001 | 1.38 (1.29–1.48) | <0.0001 | 1.24 (1.13–1.37) | <0.0001 |
| Elevated blood pressure | ||||||
| SAF (continuous) | 3.03 (2.92–3.14) | <0.0001 | 1.25 (1.20–1.31) | <0.0001 | 1.21 (1.14–1.29) | <0.0001 |
| Low SAF | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| Intermediate SAF | 1.71 (1.65–1.77) | <0.0001 | 1.06 (1.02–1.11) | 0.005 | 1.04 (0.98–1.11) | 0.220 |
| High SAF | 2.93 (2.82–3.03) | <0.0001 | 1.18 (1.12–1.24) | <0.0001 | 1.16 (1.08–1.24) | <0.0001 |
| Impaired fasting glucose | ||||||
| SAF (continuous) | 2.59 (2.47–2.72) | <0.0001 | 1.17 (1.10–1.25) | <0.0001 | 1.09 (1.00–1.19) | 0.049 |
| Low SAF | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| Intermediate SAF | 1.90 (1.78–2.03) | <0.0001 | 1.09 (1.01–1.17) | 0.026 | 1.08 (0.97–1.20) | 0.185 |
| High SAF | 3.16 (2.97–3.37) | <0.0001 | 1.34 (1.24–1.45) | <0.0001 | 1.27 (1.14–1.42) | <0.0001 |
| Low HDL cholesterol | ||||||
| SAF (continuous) | 1.08 (1.03–1.12) | 0.001 | 1.46 (1.39–1.54) | <0.0001 | 1.27 (1.19–1.36) | <0.0001 |
| Low SAF | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| Intermediate SAF | 0.96 (0.92–1.01) | 0.082 | 1.08 (1.02–1.13) | 0.004 | 1.02 (0.94–1.10) | 0.663 |
| High SAF | 1.01 (0.96–1.05) | 0.786 | 1.27 (1.20–1.34) | <0.0001 | 1.13 (1.04–1.22) | 0.003 |
| Elevated triglycerides | ||||||
| SAF (continuous) | 1.78 (1.70–1.85) | <0.0001 | 1.29 (1.22–1.37) | <0.0001 | 1.08 (1.00–1.16) | 0.029 |
| Low SAF | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| Intermediate SAF | 1.49 (1.41–1.57) | <0.0001 | 1.12 (1.05–1.18) | <0.0001 | 1.04 (0.95–1.13) | 0.426 |
| High SAF | 1.89 (1.80–1.98) | <0.0001 | 1.34 (1.25–1.42) | <0.0001 | 1.17 (1.07–1.28) | 0.001 |
| Enlarged waist circumference | ||||||
| SAF (continuous) | 1.89 (1.82–1.95) | <0.0001 | 1.31 (1.23–1.39) | <0.0001 | 1.32 (1.21–1.44) | <0.0001 |
| Low SAF | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |||
| Intermediate SAF | 1.45 (1.40–1.50) | <0.0001 | 1.11 (1.05–1.18) | 0.001 | 1.14 (1.04–1.25) | 0.004 |
| High SAF | 1.93 (1.86–2.00) | <0.0001 | 1.26 (1.18–1.35) | <0.0001 | 1.32 (1.20–1.46) | <0.0001 |
Data are presented as odds ratios (95% confidence interval) per arbitrary unit (AU). SAF groups were based on tertiles of age-adjusted SAF Z-scores. Model 1 = unadjusted; model 2 = adjusted for age, gender, BMI; model 3 = adjusted for age, gender, BMI, HbA1c, creatinine clearance, current smoking, pack-years, MI and CVA
Significant associations are shown in italic
BMI body mass index, CVA cerebrovascular accident, HDL high density lipoprotein, MI myocardial infarction, OR odds ratio, SAF skin autofluorescence