TABLE 4.

HLM Estimates of Asthma Outcomes Over Time

Parameter	Estimatea	95% CI	P
AMF compared with UC
Quarterly ICS refill rate, linear	1.52	1.05 to 2.19	.03
Quarterly ICS refill rate, quadratic	0.91	0.83 to 0.99	.03
Asthma symptoms, linear	−0.43	−2.92 to 2.06	.74
Asthma symptoms, quadratic	0.68	0.08 to 1.44	.09
ED visits	0.85	0.74 to 0.97	.02
Hospitalization	1.04	0.61 to 1.76	.90
Oral corticosteroid use	0.86	0.74 to 1.01	.06
ABC compared with UC
Quarterly ICS refill rate, linear	1.32	0.91 to 1.93	.15
Quarterly ICS refill rate, quadratic	0.94	0.86 to 1.03	.22
Asthma symptoms, linear	−2.90	−3.92 to −1.88	.001
Asthma symptoms, quadratic	0.46	−0.15 to 0.77	.004
ED visits	0.92	0.81 to 1.06	.25
Hospitalization	1.04	0.60 to 1.79	.90
Oral steroid use	0.80	0.69 to 0.94	.006
AMF compared with ABC
Quarterly ICS refill rate, linear	1.11	0.77 to 1.61	.56
Quarterly ICS refill rate, quadratic	0.97	0.88 to 1.05	.43
Asthma symptoms, linear	2.09	0.08 to 4.27	.06
Asthma symptoms, quadratic	−0.32	−1.02 to −0.39	.36
ED visits	0.92	0.81 to 1.05	.22
Hospitalization	1.01	0.60 to 1.70	.97
Oral steroid use	1.08	0.93 to 1.25	.32
Intervention (AMF + ABC) compared with UC
Quarterly ICS refill rate, linear	1.42	1.03 to 1.97	.03
Quarterly ICS refill rate, quadratic	0.93	0.86 to 1.00	.05
Asthma symptoms, linear	−1.56	−3.76 to 0.64	.16
Asthma symptoms, quadratic	0.45	0.22 to 1.12	.18
ED visits	0.88	0.78 to 0.99	.03
Hospitalization	1.04	0.65 to 1.65	.88
Oral corticosteroid use	0.83	0.73 to 0.95	.008

HLM indicates Hierarchical Linear Modeling.

^aParameter estimates for ED visits, ICS refill rate, and oral steroid use are based on incidence rate ratio. The estimates for asthma symptoms are based on unstandardized regression coefficient. The estimates for hospitalization are based on odds ratio.