Table 2.
Functional diversity encoded in the venom gland transcriptome of Conus gloriamaris. Each conotoxin superfamily is divided into groups according to the cysteine framework, with the number identified in C. gloriamaris and a summary of biological activity associated with each group indicated.
| Superfamily | Cysteine Framework | # Identified in C. gloriamaris | Associated Activities | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | I | 1 | nAChRs inhibitors, GABAB receptor agonists, α1-adrenoceptor inhibitor | [25,58,59] |
| - | XXII | 1 | N.D. | - |
| - | XXXVI | 1 | N.D. | - |
| conantokin (B) | Cysteine-free | 1 | NMDA receptor inhibitors | [42] |
| Con-insulin | - | 1 | Insulin receptor agonists | [39] |
| conodipine | - | 1 | Phospholipase-A2 | [60] |
| cono-NPY | Cysteine-free | 1 | [45] | |
| conorfamide | Cysteine-free | 1 | Convulsions in mice (IC), sensory neuron depolarization | [47] |
| conopressin | Single disulfide | 1 | Vasopressin receptor agonists | [51] |
| I1 | XI | 2 | NaV agonists | [44] |
| I2 | XI | 3 | K+ channel modulators | [37,38] |
| J | XIV | 4 | nAChR inhibitor and KV inhibitor | [29] |
| M | III | 7 | Excitatory symptoms in mice (IC) | [35,61,62] |
| conomarphin (M) | Cysteine-free | 1 | N.D. | - |
| (M) | Single disulfide | 1 | N.D. | - |
| O1 | VI/VII | 12 | NaV agonists, KV blockers, NaV blockers or CaV blockers | [63,64,65,66] |
| O2 | VI/VII | 17 | Neuronal pacemaker modulators | [19] |
| contryphan (O2) | Single disulfide | 1 | Ca2+ channel modulators | [67,68,69] |
| O3 | Cysteine-free | 1 | N.D. | - |
| P | IX | 2 | Hyperactivity and spasticity in mice (IC) | [15] |
| - | XIV | 1 | N.D. | - |
| S | VIII | 1 | 5-HT3 receptor inhibitor, nAChR inhibitor | [49,50] |
| T | V | 19 | NaV inhibitor, presynaptic Ca2+ channel inhibitor (or GPCR modulator), sst3 GPCR antagonist | [22,23,24] |
| - | XIII | 1 | N.D. | - |
| - | X | 1 | Noradrenaline transporter inhibitors | [25] |
| U | VI/VII | 1 | Convulsions in mice (IC) | [70] |
CaV, voltage-gated calcium channel; GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid; GPCR, G protein-coupled receptor; IC, intracranial injection; KV, voltage-gated potassium channel; nAChR, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor; NaV, voltage-gated sodium channel; N.D., not determined; NMDA, N-Methyl-D-aspartate; sst, somatostatin. Other gene families detected for which there is no reported associated activity (B2, E, F, H, I4, N, con-ikot-ikot, MKAVA, MSRLF, MMLFM, MLSML) are omitted from this table.