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. 2017 May 31;12(5):e0178273. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178273

Table 23. Summary of characteristics likely to be associated with essential or viable genes.

Essential Gene Tendencies Viable Gene Tendencies
More complex proteins, with greater length, more long introns and exons, and more transcripts Simpler, shorter gene structure
Higher expression levels at all stages before juvenile Lower expression levels at all stages before juvenile
Older evolutionary age Younger evolutionary age
Transferase or ligase enzyme activity Hydrolase enzyme activity
Phosphorylated and acetylated proteins N- glycosylated proteins
Intracellular proteins Secreted proteins
Nuclear proteins Extracellular and membrane-bound proteins
Involved in developmental processes, such as: morphogenesis, proliferation, transcription, differentiation and cell division Involved in extracellular interactions, such as: responses to stimuli, immune system, aging, signal transduction and transport
DNA binding functions Transport functions
Central positions in protein-protein interaction networks Peripheral positions in protein-protein interaction networks
Less likely to be housekeeping or tissue enriched genes More likely to be housekeeping or tissue enriched genes