Table 2.

Metabolites associated with incident diabetes mellitus in the combined analysis with TwinGene, ULSAM, PIVUS and KORA S4

Metabolitea	Annotation confidence	Adduct form	HR (95% CI) for age- and sex-adjusted models	p value	I2	HR (95% CI) for fully adjusted models	p value	No. of cohorts	I2
Cortisol	1	M + H	0.85 (0.77, 0.94)	1.2 × 10−3	80	0.84 (0.76, 0.92)	4.1 × 10−4	4	78
γ-Glutamyl-leucine	2	M + H	1.48 (1.32, 1.67)	3.5 × 10−11	69	1.25 (1.10, 1.41)	4.1 × 10−4	4	68
LysoPC/PC(O-16:1/0:0)	3	M + H	0.69 (0.61, 0.78)	2.3 × 10−9	66	0.81 (0.71, 0.93)	2.8 × 10−3	3	0
2-Methylbutyroylcarnitine	2	M + H	1.38 (1.24, 1.53)	2.5 × 10−9	0	1.20 (1.06, 1.35)	3.7 × 10−3	4	30
Barogenin	2	M + H	1.38 (1.22, 1.57)	2.4 × 10−7	0	1.21 (1.05, 1.38)	6.4 × 10−3	3	0
L-Tyrosine	1	M + H	1.46 (1.30, 1.64)	3.4 × 10−10	3	1.17 (1.04, 1.32)	8.4 × 10−3	4	0
SM (33:1)	2	M + Na	0.83 (0.74, 0.92)	4.2 × 10−4	0	0.87 (0.77, 0.97)	0.01	3	0
LysoPC (20:2)	2	M + H	0.78 (0.70, 0.88)	2.8 × 10−5	19	0.85 (0.74, 0.97)	0.01	3	0
Monoacylglycerol (18:2)	1	M + Na	1.43 (1.24, 1.65)	8.2 × 10−7	62	1.23 (1.04, 1.46)	0.02	2	0
CerPE (38:2)	2	M + H	0.87 (0.77, 0.97)	1.3 × 10−2	0	0.87 (0.77, 0.99)	0.03	3	0
missing@tg43	4		1.55 (1.31, 1.83)	2.7 × 10−7	0	1.21 (1.01, 1.45)	0.03	2	0
SM (d18:2/18:1)	2	M + H	0.86 (0.77, 0.97)	1.0 × 10−2	0	0.88 (0.78, 0.99)	0.04	3	0
SM (34:2)	2	M + H	0.88 (0.79, 0.98)	2.2 × 10−2	0	0.89 (0.80, 1.00)	0.04	3	0
Deoxycholic acid	1	M + Na	1.27 (1.14, 1.41)	1.1 × 10−5	31	1.13 (1.00, 1.27)	0.04	4	0
PC (42:7)	2	M + H	0.80 (0.72, 0.90)	1.5 × 10−4	30	0.87 (0.77, 1.00)	0.04	3	0

HR per SD-unit of Log₂-transformed metabolite increase and 95% CI are given for age- and sex-adjusted and fully adjusted (age, sex, BMI, waist circumference and fasting glucose at baseline) models for 1-SD increase of log₂-scaled metabolite increase. Only metabolites with p < 0.05 in the fully adjusted models are shown

^aFor metabolites annotated at level 4, the metabolite is named ‘missing@retention time’ measured in TwinGene