Fig. 4.

Signalling molecules participate in AD-like conditions. (Ai) Western blot for activity changes of small GTPases – i.e. RhoA, Rac1 and CDC42 under AD-inducing (AICD+Aβ) and reversal conditions (AICD+Aβ+Grb2). (ii) Bar diagram represents the activity alterations for the small GTPases. (B) Protein levels and activation of signalling molecules – (i) ROCK1, (ii) ROCK2, (iii) Caspase 2, (iv) PAK1, (v) LIMK1, (vi) cofilin, (vii) SSH-1 and (viii) NOX4 – by western blotting. (ix) Changes in levels of phosphorylated vimentin at serine 71 are shown; these serve an important role in signalling. (C) Graphical representation of these alterations of signalling molecules and phosphorylated vimentin (pS71-vimentin). Values are shown as fold changes relative to negative controls (empty vector or the solvent used for reagents). p-, phosphorylation of the indicated protein.