Table 1.

Ongoing clinical trials using drugs for the treatment of AH registered at ClinicalTrials.gov

AH target(s)	Drug type(s)	Trial design	Title/trial number
Gut microbiota	Probiotics	Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG versus placebo	Novel therapies in moderately severe acute AH (NTAH-moderate)/NCT01922895
IL-1 and inflammation	IL-1 blocker (rilonacept) immunosuppressive agent (mycophenolate)	Rilonacept + prednisolone or mycophenolate + prednisolone versus prednisolone	A safety and efficacy study of mycophenolate mofetil and rilonacept in patients with AH/NCT01903798
TNF and inflammation	Immunosuppressive agent and a nonspecific TNF inhibitor (pentoxifylline)	Prednisolone versus pentoxifylline	Short-term survival in patients with severe AH treated with steroid versus pentoxifylline/NCT01455337
IL-1	IL-1 blocker (anakinra) TNF inhibitor (pentoxifylline), nutritional supplement (zinc sulfate)	Anakinra + pentoxifylline + zinc sulfate versus methylprednisolone	Efficacy study of anakinra, pentoxifylline, and zinc compared to methylprednisolone in severe acute AH/NCT01809132
TNF
Gut barrier
LPS	Hyperimmune bovine colostrum enriched with anti-LPS antibodies	Prednisolone + Imm 124-E versus prednisolone + placebo	Safety and efficacy of IMM 124-E for patients with severe AH (TREAT)/NCT01968382
Cell death	Caspase inhibitor (emricasan, also known as IDN-6556 and PF-03491390)	IDN-6556 versus placebo	Study of IDN-6556 in patients with severe AH and contradictions to steroid therapy/NCT01912404
			Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of IDN-6556 in ACLF/NCTO1937130
Bone marrow	Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF); or G-CSF + erythropoietin (EPO)	G-CSF versus placebo; or G-CSF + EPO versus placebo	Efficacy of G-CSF in the management of steroid non-responsive severe AH/NCT01820208
			G-CSF in acute liver failure and AH/NCT01341951
			Efficacy of G-CSF and erythropoietin for patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure/NCT01383460