Table 2.
Outcomes and definitions.
| Outcome | Definition | |
| Markers of disease control | ||
| Nondisease specific | Mortality | |
| Symptoms and exacerbations: reported symptoms or symptom scores | ||
| Measured rate or frequency of exacerbations | ||
| Other (not disease-specific) biological markers such as blood pressure, lipids | ||
| Disease specific | Diabetes: hemoglobin A1c | |
| Heart failure: body weight, exercise tolerance | ||
| Asthma: PEFa, FEV1b, etc | ||
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: FEV1 | ||
| Cancer: recurrence | ||
| Health care utilization | ||
| Health service utilization | Use of health care services (eg, admissions, length of stay, use of unscheduled services or emergency department) | |
| Self-management process outcomes | ||
| Self-efficacy | The confidence that an individual has in their own ability to perform a specific task or behavior | |
| Self-management behaviors | Measures of self-management adoption behavior (eg, use of or adherence to action plan, medication adherence, frequency of monitoring [PEF, blood glucose, etc], avoidance of triggers, use of environmental resources) | |
| Quality of Life | ||
| Quality of life | As assessed by validated tool | |
| Disease-specific quality of life | As assessed by validated quality-of-life assessment tool (eg, asthma quality-of-life score, St George’s respiratory questionnaire) | |
aPEF: peak expiratory flow rate.
bFEV1: forced expiratory volume in the first second of expiration.