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. 2017 May 14;2017:1609685. doi: 10.1155/2017/1609685

Table 1.

Translational studies of BMAC-enhanced marrow stimulation for articular cartilage repair.

Animal model Animal number Defect location Defect type Defect size Additional treatment Nature of biomaterials Source of bone marrow Concentration performed? Method of concentration Volume per defect Study groups Follow-up Evaluation
methods
Major findings Ref.
Horse 12 Trochlear ridge Full thickness chondral 15 mm diameter Microfracture n.a. Sternum Yes BMA harvested from two sternal marrow spaces (each 35 ml). Mixed with preservative- free heparin n.a. (1) Microfracture 8 months (1) Cytological and flow cytometry analysis (1) No adverse reactions [65]
BMA (60 ml) was centrifuged. Yield: 6 ml of BMAC (2) Microfracture + BMAC (2) MRI (2) Improved cartilage repair in BMAC group
(3) Macroscopic scoring (3) MRI: increased defect fill, improved lateral integration
(4) Histological
scoring
(4) More type II collagen, improved collagen orientation, more glycosaminoglycans in BMAC group

Goat 15 Intercondylar region of knee Full-thickness chondral 4 mm diameter Subchondral drilling Hyalgan (HA) Iliac crest Yes BMA was centrifuged (1900 rpm, 10 min., at 10°C). Mean yield: 4.4 ml (range, 4.0 to 6.0 ml) of BMAC 400 μl (1) Subchondral drilling 6 months (1) Macroscopic observation (1) Macroscopy: similar between empty defects and both HA groups. HA + BMA group: almost complete, smooth surface in level with adjacent cartilage [64]
(2) Subchondral drilling + i.a. HA (2) Histological scoring (2) Better histological score in HA + BMA group with more proteoglycan staining and improved lateral integration
(3) Subchondral drilling + i.a. HA+ BMA injection

BMA: bone marrow aspirate; BMAC: bone marrow aspirate concentrate; HA: Hyalgan (sodium hyaluronate); i.a.: intra-articular; n.a.: not available; Ref.: reference.