Table 2.
Included articles, inclusion criteria, and emissions reduction estimates.
| Authors, [Reference], Year, Location | Emissions Outcome | Emissions Reduction in CO2 eq (% Reduction) | Health-Linked Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lifestyle-Related Mitigation Strategy—ACTIVE TRANSPORT | |||
| Grabow et al. [12], 2012 Midwest US | O3, PM2.5 | 1.8 tetragrams/year (20% reduction in vehicle emissions) | Morbidity, Mortality |
| Lindsay et al. [13], 2011 NZ | CO2 eq | 8695 tonnes/year (30% shift of short-distance car trips to bicycle) | Morbidity, Mortality |
| Macmillan et al. [14], NZ | CO2 eq | 26 Mt/year (35% of transport moves from car to bicycle) | Morbidity and Mortality |
| Maizlish et al. [15], 2013 San Francisco, CA, USA | CO2, PM2.5 | 4.04 million tons/year (14% reduction in transportation emissions) | DALYs |
| Michaelowa & Dransfeld, [11], 2008 OECD | CO2 | 100 Mt/year (N/A) | Weight Gain |
| Rabl & de Nazelle, [16], 2012 Europe | CO2 eq | 1 tonnes/person/year (N/A) | Mortality |
| Rojas-Rueda et al. [17], 2012 Spain | CO2, PM2.5 | 203,251 tons/year (40% fewer car trips) | All-cause Mortality |
| Woodcock et al. [18], 2009 UK & India | CO2, PM2.5 | 0.35–0.48 tonnes/person/year (46.7–56% reduction in transport emissions) | DALYs |
| Woodcock et al. [15], 2013 UK | CO2 | 16 Mt–50 Mt/person (26–73% reduction in transport emissions) | Morbidity and Mortality |
| Lifestyle-Related Mitigation Strategy—DIET | |||
| Aston et al. [19], 2012 UK | CO2 eq | 27.8 Mt/year (3% current country total) | DALYs |
| Berners-Lee et al. [20], 2012 UK | CO2 eq | 40 Mt/year (22–26% reduction in diet-related emissions) | Caloric and Nutrient Requirements |
| Biesbroek et al. [21], 2014 Dutch | CO2 eq | 155.4 kg/person/year (4–12% of diet-related emissions) | Mortality |
| Briggs et al. [22], 2013 UK | CO2 eq | 18.683 Mt/year (40% reduction of agricultural emissions) | Mortality |
| de Carvalho et al. [23], 2013 Brazil | CO2 eq | 9.035 Mt/year (50% of meat production-related emissions) | Caloric and Nutrient Requirements |
| Edjabou & Smed, [24], 2013 Denmark | CO2 eq | 112 kg/person/year (4–7.9%) | Caloric and Nutrient Requirements |
| Friel et al. [25], 2009 UK/Brazil | CO2 eq | 9 Mt/year (30% of livestock production emissions) | DALYs |
| González et al. [26], 2011 Sweden | CO2 eq | N/A | Protein Consumption |
| Hallström et al. [27], 2014 Sweden | CO2 eq | 0.2–0.4 tonnes/person/year (33–66% reduction in animal production emissions) | Caloric and Nutrient Requirements |
| Hendrie et al. [28], 2014 Australia | CO2 eq | 3.6 kg/person/day (24.8% reduction in diet-related emissions) | Caloric and Nutrient Requirements |
| Hoolohan et al. [29], 2013 UK | CO2 eq | 2.2 kg/person/day (25% reduction in diet-related emissions) | Caloric and Nutrient Requirements |
| Macdiarmid et al. [30], 2012 UK | CO2 eq | 1.37 kg/person/day (36% reduction in diet-related emissions) | Caloric and Nutrient Requirements |
| Masset et al. [31], 2014 France | GHGE | N/A | Caloric and Nutrient Requirements |
| Michaelowa & Dransfeld, [11], 2008 OECD | CO2 eq | 20 Mt/year (N/A) | Nutrient (fat) Consumption |
| Pairotti et al. [32], 2015 Italy | CO2 eq | 27.46 kg/family/year (6.81% reduction at the family level) | Caloric and Nutrient Requirements (values not reported) |
| Saxe et al. [33], 2013 Denmark | CO2 eq | 130 kg/person/year (8% reduction in diet-related emissions) | Caloric and Protein Requirements |
| Scarborough et al. [34], 2012 UK | GHGE | 1.7–10.9 Mt/year * (3–19% reduction in UK agricultural emissions) | Mortality |
| Tukker et al. [35], 2011 Europe | Environmental Impact | 4876 Mt/year (25–27% reduction in diet-related impacts) | Nutrient Requirements |
| van Dooren et al. [36], 2014 Netherlands | CO2 eq | 0.5 kg/person/day (11% reduction in diet-related emissions) | Nutrient Requirements |
| Vieux et al. [37], 2012 France | CO2 eq | 3789 g/day/person (7.2% reduction in diet-related emissions) | Caloric Requirements |
| Wallén et al. [38], 2004 Sweden | CO2 eq | 855 kg/person/year (5.4% reduction in diet-related emissions) | Caloric and Nutrient Requirements |
| Westhoek et al. [39], 2014 EU | GHGE | 196 Mt/year (42% reduction in diet-related emissions) | Caloric and Nutrient Requirements |
| Wilson et al. [40], 2013 NZ | CO2 eq | 8.48 kg/day/person (84% reduction in diet-related emissions) | Caloric and Nutrient Requirements |
DALYs = Disability Adjusted Life Years; CO2 = Carbon Dioxide; CO2 eq = Carbon Dioxide Equivalents; PM2.5 = Particulate Matter ≤ 2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter; GHG = Greenhouse Gas; Environmental Impact is a score based on abiotic depletion, global warming, ozone layer depletion, human toxicity, ecotoxicity, photochemical oxidation, acidification, and eutrophication; * Derived from 57.3 Mt/year agriculture emissions reported for 2005 in the 2013 UK Green House Gas Emissions Final Figur https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/407432/20150203_2013_Final_Emissions_statistics.pdf.