Table 2.
Multilevel Models Specified with Two Different Segregation Measures as Predictors of Late-Stage Diagnosis of BC.
| Variables | Model 1: Place-Centered Isolation | Model 2: Person-Centered Isolation | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds Ratio | P > |z| | Lower CI | Upper CI | Odds Ratio | P > |z| | Lower CI | Upper CI | ||
| Person-level variables. Reference groups white, age > 74 | |||||||||
| Black | 1.45 | 0.00 | 1.43 | 1.47 | 1.48 | 0.00 | 1.45 | 1.51 | |
| Hispanic | 1.25 | 0.00 | 1.23 | 1.28 | 1.27 | 0.00 | 1.25 | 1.30 | |
| Asian | 0.97 | 0.05 | 0.95 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.91 | 0.97 | 1.03 | |
| other | 0.88 | 0.00 | 0.84 | 0.92 | 0.90 | 0.00 | 0.86 | 0.94 | |
| age <50 | 1.34 | 0.00 | 1.32 | 1.36 | 1.34 | 0.00 | 1.32 | 1.36 | |
| age 50–64 | 1.06 | 0.00 | 1.05 | 1.08 | 1.06 | 0.00 | 1.05 | 1.08 | |
| age 65–74 | 0.89 | 0.00 | 0.88 | 0.91 | 0.89 | 0.00 | 0.88 | 0.91 | |
| County-level variables | |||||||||
| distance closest provider | 1.00 | 0.63 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.11 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| distance squared | 1.00 | 0.75 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| isolation Black | 1.01 | 0.58 | 0.97 | 1.07 | . | . | . | . | |
| isolation Asian | 0.75 | 0.00 | 0.68 | 0.84 | . | . | . | . | |
| isolation Hispanic | 1.02 | 0.54 | 0.95 | 1.10 | . | . | . | . | |
| isolation White | 1.18 | 0.00 | 1.06 | 1.30 | . | . | . | . | |
| person-centered isolation | . | . | . | . | 1.06 | 0.00 | 1.02 | 1.10 | |
| managed care penetration | 0.90 | 0.00 | 0.84 | 0.96 | 0.82 | 0.00 | 0.77 | 0.87 | |
| area screening rate | 0.98 | 0.00 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.00 | 0.98 | 0.98 | |
| percent uninsured | 1.00 | 0.92 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 1.01 | |
| percent rural residence | 1.04 | 0.18 | 0.98 | 1.10 | 1.06 | 0.00 | 1.02 | 1.10 | |
| percent poverty | 1.01 | 0.00 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 0.00 | 1.01 | 1.01 | |
| State-level variable | |||||||||
| direct access specialist | 0.930 | 0.00 | 0.886 | 0.974 | 0.91 | 0.00 | 0.88 | 0.94 | |
| Variance components | |||||||||
| Level 1 (person) * | 3.2899 | 3.2899 | |||||||
| Level 2 (county) | 0.01032 | 0.01068 | |||||||
| Level 3 (state) | 0.00375 | 0.00327 | |||||||
* For logistic multilevel models, the variance for level one (person level) is assumed to be π2/3. Shaded cells represent rows with no predictor included in the model specification. This person-centered isolation estimate (Model 2) is likely dominated by segregated Whites due to the fact that the vast majority (77%) of the study sample is White, and the White population is highly segregated (Figure 2). These estimates are national average effects and are cross-sectional, thus causality cannot be determined. Bold numbers indicate statistical significance.