Table 1.
Halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) inhalable (>4 µm) and respirable (<4 µm) air particulate fraction concentrations (ng·m−3) of each indoor environment.
| 1 Gymnasiums (n = 4) | 1 Coaches’ Residences (n = 4) | 2 Residences/Offices (n = 10) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inhalable (>4 µm) | Respirable (<4 µm) | Inhalable (>4 µm) | Respirable (<4 µm) | Inhalable (>4 µm) | Respirable (<4 µm) | |||||||
| HFRs | Range (%RD) | Mean 3 | Range (%RD) | Mean 3 | Range (%RD) | Mean 3 | Range (%RD) | Mean 3 | Range (%RD) | Mean 3 | Range (%RD) | Mean 3 |
| BDE-47 | 10.1–82.7 (100%) | 33.0 | nd–5.70 (75%) | 3.06 | 0.20–2.30 (100%) | 1.45 | nd–8.50 (75%) | 3.34 | nd–1.17 (40%) | 0.23 | nd–1.39 (40%) | 0.22 |
| BDE-85 | 1.50–3.00 (100%) | 2.18 | nd (0%) | 0.05 | nd–2.00 (25%) | 0.54 | nd (0%) | 0.05 | nd (0%) | 0.05 | nd (0%) | 0.05 |
| BDE-100 | 4.40–15.4 (100%) | 8.03 | 0.60–5.50 (100%) | 2.38 | 0.50–1.90 (100%) | 1.35 | nd–1.60 (75%) | 1.04 | nd–0.19 (20%) | 0.07 | nd–1.02 (40%) | 0.32 |
| BDE-99 | 18.5–58.5 (100%) | 35.4 | nd–9.60 (75%) | 5.54 | nd–4.30 (50%) | 1.23 | nd–11.1 (50%) | 3.10 | nd–0.39 (50%) | 0.17 | nd–1.59 (70%) | 0.55 |
| BDE-153 | 1.30–6.10 (100%) | 3.90 | nd–6.70 (50%) | 1.95 | nd–0.70 (50%) | 0.28 | nd–3.00 (50%) | 1.15 | nd (0%) | 0.05 | nd (0%) | 0.05 |
| Penta-BDE | 36.9–164 (100%) | 82.5 | 1.80–20.7 (100%) | 13.0 | 3.50–7.10 (100%) | 4.84 | nd–24.1 (75%) | 8.68 | nd–1.54 (70%) | 0.57 | nd–3.74 (70%) | 1.19 |
| ∑Penta-BDE 4 | 95.5 | 13.5 | 1.76 | |||||||||
| TBB | 46.4–220 (100%) | 143 | nd–20.2 (75%) | 11.4 | 2.60–55.4 (100%) | 22.0 | nd–55.2 (75%) | 21.4 | nd–23.3 (30%) | 3.23 | nd–18.4 (40%) | 2.99 |
| TBPH | 4.90–71.9 (100%) | 34.3 | nd–12.8 (75%) | 5.41 | nd–18.3 (75%) | 8.61 | nd–18.6 (50%) | 6.93 | nd–25.6 (20%) | 2.97 | nd–3.44 (50%) | 0.57 |
| TBB + TBPH | 51.3–184 (100%) | 178 | nd–31.0 (75%) | 16.8 | 2.60–73.7 (100%) | 30.6 | nd–73.8 (75%) | 28.3 | nd–48.9 (30%) | 6.20 | nd–21.9 (50%) | 3.56 |
| ∑TBB + TBPH 4 | 195 | 58.9 | 9.76 | |||||||||
| TCEP | nd (0%) | 0.05 | nd (0%) | 0.05 | nd (0%) | 0.05 | nd (0%) | 0.05 | nd–77.8 (89%) | 19.1 | nd (0%) | 0.75 |
| TCPP | 136–525 (100%) | 266 | nd (0%) | 0.05 | 209–1360 (100%) | 536 | nd (0%) | 0.05 | 16.0-1180 (100%) | 371 | nd–28.6 (60%) | 12.3 |
| TDCPP | 125–397 (100%) | 244 | 32.0–36.5 (100%) | 34.3 | 32.0–69.2 (100%) | 50.1 | nd–26.4 (25%) | 6.64 | nd–82.2 (33%) | 19.1 | nd–20.9 (50%) | 4.97 |
| ClOPFRs | 376–650 (100%) | 510 | 32.0–36.5 (100%) | 34.4 | 241–1420 (100%) | 585 | nd–26.4 (25%) | 6.74 | 61.1–1180 (100%) | 410 | nd–34.4 (80%) | 18.0 |
| ∑ClOPFRs 4 | 544 | 592 | 428 | |||||||||
| HFRs | 608–888 (100%) | 771 | 33.8–83.0 (100%) | 64.2 | 272–1500 (100%) | 620 | nd–124 (75%) | 43.8 | 61.5–1180 (100%) | 417 | 5.80–37.8 (100%) | 22.7 |
| ∑HFRs 4 | 835 | 664 | 440 | |||||||||
1 La Guardia, M.J.; R. C. Hale 2015 [24]. Halogenated flame-retardant concentrations in settled dust, respirable and inhalable particulates and polyurethane foam at gymnastic training facilities and residences. Environ. Int. 79, 106–114. 2 Schreder, E. D.; N. Uding; M. J. La Guardia 2016 [23]. Inhalation a significant route for chlorinated organophosphate flame retardants. Chemosphere 64, 181–186. 3 Values reported as non-detect (nd) were replaced with ½ of the reported detection limit when calculating mean values for statistic evaluation. 4 Sum of the inhalable + respirable air particulate fractions. %RD = % rate of detection.