Table 1.

Explanatory factors for bladder cancer age-adjusted mortality rates by ordinary least squares model at township level, Taiwan, 2000–2012. (Blackfoot disease (BFD)-endemic township excluded, N = 348).

Variables	Coefficient	S.E.	p-Value	VIF
Male
Area deprivation index	−0.181	0.079	0.022 *	1.267
Smoking rates (%)	0.050	0.034	0.146	1.551
PM2.5 concentration (μg/m3)	0.045	0.012	<0.001 *	1.155
Aborigines (%)	−0.010	0.004	0.020 *	1.307
Health care facilities (per km2)	0.003	0.007	0.708	1.227
Workers in textile industry (%)	0.006	0.022	0.805	1.364
Elderly population (%, age ≥ 65)	0.172	0.067	0.011 *	1.289
Adjusted R-square	9.2%
Female
Area deprivation index	−0.062	0.050	0.216	1.451
Smoking rates (%)	0.064	0.039	0.100	2.294
PM2.5 concentration (μg/m3)	0.036	0.010	0.001 *	2.042
Aborigines (%)	−0.011	0.003	<0.001 *	1.332
Health care facilities (per km2)	0.010	0.004	0.021 *	1.144
Workers in textiles industry (%)	0.008	0.013	0.566	1.234
Elderly population (%, age ≥ 65)	0.025	0.028	0.381	1.480
Adjusted R-square	13.2%

* p-value < 0.05, statistical significance. PM_2.5, Fine particulate matter; VIF, variance inflation factor.