. 2017 May 11;14(5):513. doi: 10.3390/ijerph14050513

Table 4.

Urine biomarkers of subjects with three hydration statuses.

	All Subjects (n = 68)	Optimal Hydration (n = 24)	Middle Hydration (n = 27)	Hypohydration (n = 17)	F	p
24-h urine volume (mL)	1358 ± 460	1653 ± 420 ^#	1338 ± 393 ^‡	975 ± 307 ^†	15.621	0.000 *
24-h urine osmolality (mOsm/kg)	653 ± 201	452 ± 43 ^#	657 ± 86 ^‡	932 ± 104 ^†	183.120	0.000 *
24-h urine USG	1.011 ± 0.003	1.014 ± 0.003 ^#	1.019 ± 0.003 ^‡	1.010 ± 0.003 ^†	29.127	0.000 *
24-h urine pH	6.5 ± 0.3	6.7 ± 0.4	6.7 ± 0.3	6.9 ± 0.3	2.557	0.085
24-h urine potassium (mmol/L)	27.7 ± 11.8	19.2 ± 5.2 ^#	26.5 ± 5.2 ^‡	41.5 ± 13.8 ^†	37.169	0.000 *
24-h urine sodium (mmol/L)	164 ± 53	127 ± 33 ^#	152 ± 20 ^‡	235 ± 43 ^†	62.393	0.000 *
24-h urine chloride (mmol/L)	142 ± 53	105 ± 27.4 ^#	129 ± 18.1 ^‡	215 ± 48.0 ^†	66.222	0.000 *

Note: Values are shown as the mean ± SD. * There was statistically significant difference among three hydration groups, p < 0.05. ^# There was statistically significant difference between optimal hydration and middle hydration, p < 0.017. ^† There was statistically significant difference between optimal hydration and hypohydration, p < 0.017. ^‡ There was statistically significant difference between hypohydration and middle hydration, p < 0.017. USG: urine specific gravity.