Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study participants in the two groups.
| Baseline Characteristics | Participation Group | Control Group | p-Value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||
| Overall | n = 1620 | n = 1620 | ||||
| Age | year | 77.1 | 6.4 | 77.2 | 6.9 | 0.77 |
| Height | cm | 153.8 | 8.8 | 153.8 | 9.1 | 0.89 |
| Weight | kg | 53.0 | 9.8 | 52.8 | 10.2 | 0.68 |
| BMI | 22.4 | 3.5 | 22.3 | 3.9 | 0.67 | |
| Gender | women, n (%) | 1330 | 82.1% | 1336 | 82.5% | 0.78 |
| KCL | scores | 5.3 | 3.8 | 5.3 | 3.7 | 0.68 |
| Robust | n = 609 | n = 609 | ||||
| Age | year | 75.3 | 5.9 | 75.2 | 6.0 | 0.81 |
| Height | cm | 154.4 | 8.6 | 155.1 | 8.6 | 0.13 |
| Weight | kg | 53.7 | 9.4 | 54.3 | 9.6 | 0.29 |
| BMI | 22.5 | 3.3 | 22.5 | 3.6 | 0.80 | |
| Gender | women, n (%) | 482 | 78.8% | 480 | 79.1% | 0.89 |
| KCL | scores | 1.8 | 1.0 | 1.7 | 1.1 | 0.40 |
| Pre-frail | n = 591 | n = 591 | ||||
| Age | year | 77.5 | 6.4 | 77.4 | 6.8 | 0.72 |
| Height | cm | 154.0 | 9.0 | 154.0 | 9.3 | 0.93 |
| Weight | kg | 53.0 | 10.2 | 52.8 | 10.5 | 0.67 |
| BMI | 22.3 | 3.6 | 22.3 | 4.1 | 0.83 | |
| Gender | women, n (%) | 491 | 83.1% | 498 | 84.3% | 0.58 |
| KCL | scores | 5.3 | 1.1 | 5.3 | 1.1 | 0.77 |
| Frail | n = 420 | n = 420 | ||||
| Age | year | 79.2 | 6.5 | 80.0 | 7.4 | 0.10 |
| Height | cm | 152.6 | 8.8 | 151.7 | 9.2 | 0.17 |
| Weight | kg | 51.8 | 9.6 | 50.8 | 10.1 | 0.13 |
| BMI | 22.2 | 3.7 | 22.0 | 3.9 | 0.39 | |
| Gender | women, n (%) | 357 | 85.0% | 358 | 85.2% | 0.92 |
| KCL | scores | 10.5 | 2.5 | 11.0 | 2.8 | 0.53 |
BMI: body mass index, KCL: Kihon checklist, SD: standard deviation.