Table 1.
Demographic, child oral health, and child nutritional characteristics of first-visit children and their families participating in Alli Kiru, 2011–2013 (N = 1407).
| Characteristic | 2011 (N = 731) | 2012 (N = 373) | 2013 (N = 305) | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Maternal Age, Mean Years (SD) | 30.0 (10.3) | 30.3 (8.8) | 30.0 (8.6) | 30.1 |
| Maternal Education, Mean Years Completed (SD) | 6.9 (4.93) | 8.4 (3.9) | 9.3 (3.7) | 8.2 |
| Number of People per Household, Mean (SD) | 7.0 (2.96) | 6.7 (2.8) | 6.5 (2.9) | 6.7 |
| Families Cooking with Wood Only a, % | 13.4 | 12.3 | 12.2 | 12.6 |
| Number of Children per Mother, Mean (SD) | 3.6 (2.6) | 3.7 (2.4) | 3.6 (2.3) | 3.7 |
| Child Age, % | ||||
| 0–2 Years | 15.5 | 17.6 | 18.3 | 17.1 |
| 3–6 Years | 84.6 | 82.4 | 81.7 | 82.9 |
| Child Sex, % | ||||
| Male | 50.5 | 48.3 | 50.1 | 49.6 |
| Female | 49.5 | 51.7 | 49.9 | 50.4 |
| Child Oral Health and Oral Health Practices | ||||
| Caries Prevalence by dmft Score b, % | ||||
| Dmft ≥ 1 | 73.9 | 63.0 | 59.3 | 65.4 |
| D2 or D3 | 47.5 | 41.3 | 45.2 | 44.7 |
| D3 | 39.9 | 32.6 | 30.5 | 34.3 |
| Parent-Reported Mouth Pain by Type, % | ||||
| No Mouth Pain | 57.1 | 63.4 | 66.3 | 62.3 |
| Any Mouth Pain | 42.9 | 36.6 | 33.7 | 37.7 |
| Mouth Pain Interfering with Eating | 33.2 | 26.6 | 23.6 | 27.8 |
| Mouth Pain Interfering with Sleeping | 27.5 | 24.6 | 16.1 | 22.8 |
| Number of decayed, missing and filled teeth (dmft), Mean (SD) | ||||
| 0–1 years | 0.0 (0.3) | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.1 |
| 1–2 years | 1.7 (2.8) | 1.7 (2.8) | 2.0 (2.8) | 1.8 |
| 2–3 years | 4.5 (4.3) | 4.7 (4.3) | 4.6 (4.3) | 4.6 |
| 3–4 years | 7.2 (4.7) | 7.3 (4.7) | 7.3 (4.7) | 7.3 |
| 4–5 years | 8.9 (4.7) | 8.8 (4.7) | 9.0 (4.7) | 8.9 |
| 5–6 years | 9.5 (4.3) | 9.0 (4.3) | 10.6 (4.3) | 9.7 |
| 6 years | 11.2 (5.2) | 12.0 (5.1) | 12.2 (5.2) | 11.8 |
| Mothers Help with Child Toothbrushing, % | 54.9 | 53.5 | 51.1 | 51.8 |
| Child Ever Been to the Dentist, % | 52.0 | 47.4 | 47.8 | 49.1 |
| Child Nutrition and Nutrition Practices | ||||
| Prevalence of Malnutrition by Type c, % | ||||
| Shortness/Stunting (HAZ < −2 SD) | 35.8 | 34.1 | 37.8 | 35.9 |
| Wasting/Thinness (WHZ < −2 SD) | 1.5 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 1.1 |
| Underweight (WAZ < −2 SD) | 8.2 | 6.8 | 7.4 | 7.4 |
| Overweight (WHZ > +2 SD) | 5.6 | 11.7 | 3.1 | 6.8 |
| Junk Food Consumption Frequency d, % | ||||
| Every 2–4 Weeks | 32.8 | 50.0 | 48.7 | 43.8 |
| At Least Once a Week | 58.9 | 55.0 | 43.6 | 52.5 |
| At Least Once a Day | 36.2 | 23.5 | 22.5 | 27.4 |
| Child was Ever Breastfed, % | 95.8 | 98.9 | 95.2 | 97.7 |
| Child was Ever Bottlefed, % | 40.3 | 41.6 | 37.4 | 39.0 |
| What Child Drank in Baby Bottle e, % | ||||
| Milk or Formula | 39.9 | 39.7 | 52.1 | 43.2 |
| Water | 20.8 | 15.5 | 10.8 | 16.5 |
| Sugar-Sweetened Beverage | 28.5 | 29.6 | 32.2 | 29.1 |
| Child Slept with Bottle f, % | ||||
| Never | 77.0 | 57.3 | 64.7 | 71.3 |
| Sometimes | 16.1 | 28.2 | 18.7 | 19.5 |
| Frequently or Almost Always | 6.9 | 14.6 | 10.6 | 9.1 |
dmft: Decayed, Missing, or Filled Teeth Score; HAZ: Height-for-Age Z-Score; WHZ: Weight-for-Height Z-Score; WAZ: Weight-for-Age Z-Score. a Cooking with wood as the primary source of fuel has been well-established as a valid consumption-based indicator of socioeconomic status in developing country settings and serves as a proxy for more traditional measures such as income in this study (see [33]). b Caries prevalence reported using dmft, an internationally-recognized system to determine the prevalence of dental caries. Components include decayed teeth, missing teeth due to caries, and filled teeth due to caries [26]. c Child growth indicators based on World Health Organization definitions from an international reference median value [30]. d Frequency of junk food consumption was assessed by asking parents, “How often does your child consume the following item?” for soda, sweets/candy, chips, and sweet ice pops. Respondents’ children were coded as having consumed junk food if any of those items were consumed in the given time period. e What the child drank in their baby bottle was assessed for parents who indicated that they gave their child a baby bottle at any point in time. Parents indicated whether the child drank water, milk, formula, lemonade, juice, coffee, natural juice, artificial juice, sugar water, chicha, and incaparina. Any beverage that was not water, milk, or formula was combined into a sugar-sweetened beverage category. f Whether the child slept with their baby bottle was assessed for parents who indicated that they gave their child a baby bottle at any point in time. Parents were asked, “How often did he/she fall asleep with the baby bottle in his/her mouth”?