Table 2.
Daily energy and nutrient intakes recorded by participants using the Foodbook24 tool and interviewer led 24-h recall.
| Nutrient | Recall 1 | Recall 2 | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Self-Administered | Interviewer-Led | Self-Administered | Interviewer-Led | |||||||||||||
| Mean | Median | SD | Mean | Median | SD | Percentage Difference ⱡ | p | Mean | Median | SD | Mean | Median | SD | Percentage Difference ⱡ | p | |
| Energy (kcal) | 1888 | 1757 | 743 | 2168 | 1986 | 853 | −15 | 0.008 | 1817 | 1737 | 670 | 2019 | 1922 | 639 | −11 | 0.023 |
| Protein (g) | 77 | 68 | 37 | 88 | 79 | 37 | −14 | 0.030 | 79 | 72 | 34 | 86 | 81 | 31 | −8 | 0.148 |
| Carbohydrate (g) | 226 | 208 | 95 | 247 | 228 | 107 | −9 | 0.156 | 216 | 197 | 104 | 233 | 212 | 96 | −8 | 0.129 |
| Total sugars (g) | 94 | 83 | 51 | 109 | 89 | 63 | −17 | 0.084 | 99 | 82 | 76 | 105 | 93 | 64 | −6 | 0.122 |
| Non-milk sugars (g) | 81 | 73 | 48 | 93 | 79 | 59 | −15 | 0.171 | 89 | 75 | 74 | 91 | 82 | 63 | −2 | 0.326 |
| Starch (g) | 126 | 114 | 68 | 131 | 121 | 72 | −4 | 0.589 | 111 | 106 | 52 | 122 | 118 | 54 | −10 | 0.228 |
| Dietary fibre (g) | 22 | 20 | 10 | 24 | 22 | 9 | −7 | 0.272 | 22 | 21 | 11 | 23 | 23 | 8 | −4 | 0.283 |
| Total fat (g) | 73 | 67 | 35 | 88 | 80 | 39 | −20 | 0.007 | 70 | 62 | 32 | 81 | 75 | 35 | −16 | 0.040 |
| Saturated fat (g) | 29 | 26 | 17 | 35 | 33 | 19 | −24 | 0.013 | 28 | 25 | 14 | 33 | 30 | 18 | −21 | 0.050 |
| Monounsaturated fat (g) | 27 | 25 | 14 | 33 | 30 | 16 | −20 | 0.013 | 26 | 23 | 13 | 30 | 29 | 13 | −17 | 0.025 |
| Polyunsaturated fat (g) | 13 | 11 | 7 | 15 | 13 | 8 | −19 | 0.071 | 13 | 12 | 7 | 13 | 13 | 6 | −4 | 0.439 |
| Retinol (µg) | 301 | 223 | 284 | 390 | 322 | 288 | −30 | 0.015 | 320 | 245 | 262 | 366 | 323 | 251 | −14 | 0.147 |
| Carotene (µg) | 4429 | 2367 | 6648 | 4285 | 2974 | 4951 | 3 | 0.383 | 5173 | 2551 | 7199 | 4828 | 2668 | 6180 | 7 | 0.825 |
| Vitamin D (µg) | 2.9 | 1.9 | 2.8 | 3.1 | 2.1 | 2.9 | −9 | 0.587 | 2.4 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 2.4 | 2.0 | 2.0 | −2 | 0.692 |
| Vitamin E (mg) | 10.4 | 10.1 | 5.0 | 11.5 | 11.2 | 5.1 | −11 | 0.134 | 10.0 | 9.2 | 5.2 | 10.5 | 9.4 | 5.4 | −5 | 0.512 |
| Vitamin B1 (mg) | 1.6 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 2.1 | 1.4 | 2.8 | −30 | 0.199 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 0.6 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 0.7 | −7 | 0.368 |
| Vitamin B2 (mg) | 1.6 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 1.9 | 1.7 | 1.0 | −18 | 0.033 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 0.7 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 0.8 | −19 | 0.023 |
| Total niacin (mg) | 38.2 | 32.2 | 20.4 | 41.6 | 39.6 | 19.7 | −9 | 0.173 | 39.8 | 34.1 | 23.8 | 39.7 | 37.2 | 16.3 | 0 | 0.572 |
| Vitamin B6 (mg) | 2.1 | 1.9 | 1.3 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 1.3 | −11 | 0.081 | 2.5 | 1.9 | 3.9 | 2.2 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 10 | 0.273 |
| Vitamin B12 (µg) | 4.3 | 3.2 | 3.5 | 5.1 | 3.6 | 4.3 | −18 | 0.254 | 4.1 | 2.8 | 5.0 | 4.2 | 3.5 | 3.1 | −2 | 0.273 |
| Folate (µg) | 258 | 235 | 117 | 292 | 255 | 135 | −13 | 0.124 | 261 | 232 | 132 | 278 | 268 | 128 | −6 | 0.312 |
| Folic acid (µg) | 35 | 0 | 66 | 39 | 0 | 74 | −11 | 0.867 | 30 | 0 | 64 | 33 | 0 | 67 | −9 | 0.901 |
| Biotin (µg) | 37.4 | 34.1 | 17.4 | 43.8 | 41.1 | 21.3 | −17 | 0.036 | 35.7 | 30.6 | 21.4 | 41.9 | 37.7 | 20.8 | −17 | 0.026 |
| Pantothenate (mg) | 5.9 | 5.3 | 3.5 | 6.6 | 6.2 | 3.6 | −10 | 0.124 | 5.6 | 4.9 | 4.4 | 5.7 | 5.4 | 2.4 | −1 | 0.186 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 116 | 87 | 109 | 120 | 85 | 116 | −3 | 0.674 | 117 | 88 | 111 | 114 | 85 | 105 | 2 | 0.829 |
| Calcium (mg) | 863 | 740 | 457 | 1024 | 900 | 539 | −19 | 0.046 | 802 | 755 | 377 | 971 | 951 | 452 | −21 | 0.015 |
| Magnesium (mg) | 294 | 287 | 103 | 324 | 312 | 106 | −10 | 0.058 | 296 | 287 | 133 | 314 | 301 | 98 | −6 | 0.084 |
| Phosphorous (mg) | 1337 | 1247 | 536 | 1495 | 1353 | 545 | −12 | 0.060 | 1315 | 1261 | 501 | 1441 | 1441 | 454 | −10 | 0.046 |
| Iron (mg) | 11.6 | 11.3 | 5.5 | 12.7 | 11.7 | 6.0 | −9 | 0.185 | 11.2 | 10.2 | 4.7 | 12.1 | 11.0 | 4.4 | −8 | 0.13 |
| Copper (mg) | 1.1 | 1.1 | 0.4 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 0.5 | −11 | 0.117 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 0.4 | −6 | 0.172 |
| Zinc (mg) | 8.5 | 8.3 | 3.8 | 10.0 | 9.0 | 4.3 | −17 | 0.023 | 8.7 | 7.8 | 4.6 | 9.3 | 8.4 | 3.5 | −7 | 0.093 |
| Potassium (mg) | 3045 | 2915 | 1162 | 3388 | 3243 | 1265 | −11 | 0.067 | 2902 | 2780 | 1037 | 3102 | 2940 | 940 | −7 | 0.179 |
| Sodium (mg) | 2566 | 2254 | 1624 | 2583 | 2364 | 1476 | −1 | 0.655 | 2168 | 2108 | 994 | 2358 | 2200 | 1103 | −9 | 0.371 |
ⱡ Calculated as the difference of the mean intake (self-administered- interviewer-led) divided by the mean intake (self-administered) and multiplied by 100.