Table 2.
Micronutrient status and prevalence of deficiencies among study participants 1.
| Variable | Unadjusted | Adjusted for CRP/AGP 2 |
|---|---|---|
| Participants (n) 3 | 770 | 770 |
| Hb concentration, g/dL 4 | 9.6 (9.5,9.8) | - |
| Anemia, Hb < 10.5 g/dL (2nd trimester) or 11.0 g/dL (1st, 3rd trimester) | 601 (79.0) | - |
| Mild anemia (Hb 10.0–10.4 or 10.9 g/dL) | 173 (22.7) | - |
| Moderate anemia (Hb 7.0–9.9 g/dL) | 402 (52.8) | - |
| Severe anemia (Hb < 7.0 g/dL) | 26 (3.4) | - |
| Ferritin, µg/L | 30.5 (28.5, 32.7) | 27.3 (25.8, 28.8) |
| Iron deficiency, ferritin < 15 µg/L | 137 (17.8) | 159 (20.7) |
| sTfR, mg/L | 7.8 (7.5, 8.1) | - |
| Iron deficiency, sTfR > 8.3 mg/L | 275 (35.7) | - |
| pZn, µg/dL | 51.7 (51.0, 52.4) | 52.3 (51.6, 53.0) |
| Zinc deficiency, pZn < 50 µg/dL 5 | 311 (43.4) | 292 (40.7) |
| RBP, µmol/L | 1.05 (1.03, 1.08) | 1.07 (1.05, 1.10) |
| RBP < 0.70 µmol/L | 68 (8.8) | 57 (7.4) |
| Inadequate or marginal status, RBP < 1.32 µmol/L | 622 (80.8) | 614 (79.7) |
| B12, pmol/L | 169.9 (165.1, 174.9) | - |
| Inadequate status, B12 < 148 pmol/L | 259 (34.8) | - |
| Marginal status, B12, 148–221 pmol/L | 324 (43.5) | - |
| Folate, nmol/L | 10.5 (10.1, 10.9) | - |
| Inadequate status, folate < 10 nmol/L | 328 (44.3) | - |
| Micronutrient deficiency anemia 6 | ||
| Iron deficiency anemia (Anemia + ferritin < 15 µg/L) | 124 (16.3) | 142 (18.7) |
| Iron deficiency anemia (Anemia + sTfR > 8.3 mg/L) | 250 (32.9) | - |
| B12 deficiency anemia (Anemia + B12 < 148 pmol/L) | 208 (28.3) | - |
| Folate-deficiency anemia (Anemia + and folate < 10 nmol/L) | 265 (36.4) | - |
| Multiple micronutrient (MNN) deficiency 7 | ||
| 0 | 25 (3.6) | 24 (3.5) |
| 1 | 131 (19.0) | 131 (19.0) |
| 2 | 212 (30.8) | 222 (32.3) |
| 3 | 173 (25.2) | 164 (23.8) |
| 4 | 114 (16.6) | 114 (16.6) |
| 5 | 33 (4.8) | 33 (4.8) |
| AGP, g/L | 0.39 (0.38,0.40) | - |
| AGP > 1 g/L | 23 (3.0) | - |
| CRP, mg/L | 2.2 (2.0, 2.4) | - |
| CRP > 5 mg/L | 189 (24.6) | - |
| Malaria antigenemia (elevated HRP2) 8 | 97 (12.6) | - |
1 AGP, α-1-acid glycoprotein; CRP, C-reactive protein; Hb, hemoglobin; sTfR, soluble transferrin receptor; RBP, retinol binding protein; pZn, plasma zinc concentration; MNN, multiple micronutrient; 2 Continuous adjustment to the 10th percentile of study specific CRP and AGP concentrations. 3 Sample size by outcome: pZn, n = 724; B12, n = 745; folate, n = 740; MMN deficiency, n = 688; 4 Mean (95% CI), geometric mean (95% CI) and n (%), all such values; 5 PZC < 55 µg/dL for first trimester (n = 1); 6 Anemia, Hb < 10.5 g/dL (2nd trimester) or 11.0 g/dL (1st, 3rd trimester); 7 MMN deficiency: Iron (ferritin and/or sTfR), zinc, vitamin A (RBP), B12 and/or folate; 8 Elevated plasma HRP2 (histidine-rich protein 2) concentrations are indicative of current or recent malaria parasitemia.