Table 2.
Associations between dietary, supplemental, and total B vitamin intake and breast cancer risk, from multivariable Cox proportional hazards models a, NutriNet-Santé Cohort, France, 2009–2016.
| Dietary Intake | Supplemental Intake | Total Intake | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases/Non Cases | HR | 95% CI | P-Trend | Cases/Non Cases | HR | 95% CI | P-Trend | Cases/Non Cases | HR | 95% CI | P-Trend | ||||
| Thiamin | Continuous | 462/27,376 | 0.85 | [0.64–1.14] | 0.3 | Users vs. non-users | 462/27,376 | 0.94 | [0.71–1.24] | 0.7 | Continuous | 462/27,376 | 0.78 | [0.61–1.00] | 0.05 |
| Vitamin B1 | Q1 b | 121/6820 | 1 | (ref) | 0.1 | C1 | 406/24,026 | 1 | (ref) | 0.2 | Q1 | 120/6817 | 1 | (ref) | 0.1 |
| Q2 | 113/6857 | 0.84 | [0.64–1.09] | C2 | 26/1125 | 1.31 | [0.88–1.95] | Q2 | 110/6853 | 0.82 | [0.63–1.07] | ||||
| Q3 | 125/6848 | 0.90 | [0.69–1.18] | C3 | 18/1099 | 0.89 | [0.56–1.43] | Q3 | 134/6844 | 0.98 | [0.75–1.27] | ||||
| Q4 | 103/6851 | 0.76 | [0.56–1.02] | C4 | 12/1126 | 0.61 | [0.34–1.08] | Q4 | 98/6862 | 0.72 | [0.53–0.96] | ||||
| Riboflavin | Continuous | 462/27,383 | 1.01 | [0.83–1.24] | 0.9 | Users vs. non-users | 462/27,383 | 0.92 | [0.70–1.22] | 0.6 | Continuous | 462/27,383 | 0.92 | [0.78–1.09] | 0.4 |
| Vitamin B2 | Q1 | 106/6831 | 1 | (ref) | 0.9 | C1 | 406/23,998 | 1 | (ref) | 0.3 | Q1 | 104/6832 | 1 | (ref) | 0.9 |
| Q2 | 120/6857 | 1.05 | [0.80–1.37] | C2 | 22/1124 | 1.09 | [0.71–1.67] | Q2 | 122/6853 | 1.08 | [0.82–1.41] | ||||
| Q3 | 111/6857 | 0.93 | [0.70–1.23] | C3 | 22/1133 | 1.07 | [0.70–1.65] | Q3 | 117/6849 | 1.00 | [0.76–1.32] | ||||
| Q4 | 125/6838 | 1.05 | [0.79–1.41] | C4 | 12/1128 | 0.60 | [0.34–1.07] | Q4 | 119/6849 | 1.01 | [0.75–1.35] | ||||
| Niacin | Continuous | 462/27,382 | 1.00 | [0.98–1.01] | 0.7 | Users vs. non-users | 462/27,382 | 0.86 | [0.65–1.15] | 0.3 | Continuous | 462/27,382 | 0.99 | [0.98–1.01] | 0.4 |
| Vitamin B3 | Q1 | 101/6841 | 1 | (ref) | 1.0 | C1 | 410/24,046 | 1 | (ref) | 0.2 | Q1 | 102/6835 | 1 | (ref) | 0.6 |
| Q2 | 120/6849 | 1.01 | [0.81–1.38] | C2 | 18/1132 | 0.89 | [0.55–1.42] | Q2 | 122/6848 | 1.06 | [0.81–1.38] | ||||
| Q3 | 123/6846 | 1.05 | [0.80–1.38] | C3 | 22/1137 | 1.06 | [0.69–1.63] | Q3 | 125/6846 | 1.04 | [0.79–1.36] | ||||
| Q4 | 118/6846 | 1.01 | [0.76–1.34] | C4 | 12/1067 | 0.62 | [0.35–1.11] | Q4 | 113/6853 | 0.94 | [0.71–1.25] | ||||
| Pantothenic acid | Continuous | 462/27,370 | 0.98 | [0.91–1.07] | 0.7 | Users vs. non-users | 462/27,370 | 0.82 | [0.61–1.12] | 0.2 | Continuous | 462/27,370 | 0.95 | [0.89–1.01] | 0.1 |
| Vitamin B5 | Q1 | 109/6827 | 1 | (ref) | 0.7 | C1 | 416/24,277 | 1 | (ref) | 0.1 | Q1 | 111/6820 | 1 | (ref) | 0.4 |
| Q2 | 122/6851 | 1.01 | [0.77–1.32] | C2 | 14/1017 | 0.77 | [0.45–1.32] | Q2 | 116/6856 | 0.94 | [0.72–1.23] | ||||
| Q3 | 109/6856 | 0.88 | [0.66–1.16] | C3 | 22/976 | 1.24 | [0.81–1.91] | Q3 | 125/6838 | 0.97 | [0.74–1.28] | ||||
| Q4 | 122/6836 | 0.99 | [0.73–1.34] | C4 | 10/1100 | 0.50 | [0.27–0.94] | Q4 | 110/6856 | 0.85 | [0.63–1.15] | ||||
| Pyridoxine | Continuous | 462/27,323 | 0.83 | [0.66–1.05] | 0.1 | Users vs. non-users | 462/27,323 | 0.84 | [0.65–1.07] | 0.2 | Continuous | 462/27,323 | 0.81 | [0.71–0.94] | 0.005 |
| Vitamin B6 | Q1 | 115/6808 | 1 | (ref) | 0.05 | C1 | 386/22,302 | 1 | (ref) | 0.05 | Q1 | 113/6808 | 1 | (ref) | 0.01 |
| Q2 | 123/6836 | 0.93 | [0.72–1.21] | C2 | 33/1816 | 1.02 | [0.71–1.45] | Q2 | 126/6827 | 0.96 | [0.74–1.25] | ||||
| Q3 | 122/6833 | 0.88 | [0.67–1.16] | C3 | 25/1549 | 0.88 | [0.58–1.31] | Q3 | 131/6822 | 0.96 | [0.73–1.25] | ||||
| Q4 | 102/6846 | 0.74 | [0.55–0.99] | C4 | 18/1656 | 0.61 | [0.38–0.98] | Q4 | 92/6866 | 0.67 | [0.50–0.91] | ||||
| Folate | Continuous | 462/27,386 | 1.00 | [1.00–1.00] | 0.4 | Users vs. non-users | 462/27,386 | 0.89 | [0.67–1.18] | 0.4 | Continuous | 462/27,386 | 1.00 | [1.00–1.00] | 0.2 |
| Vitamin B9 | Q1 | 116/6810 | 1 | (ref) | 0.8 | C1 | 406/23,874 | 1 | (ref) | 0.2 | Q1 | 117/6807 | 1 | (ref) | 0.6 |
| Q2 | 98/6879 | 0.74 | [0.56–0.98] | C2 | 24/1035 | 1.30 | [0.86–1.97] | Q2 | 100/6877 | 0.75 | [0.57–0.99] | ||||
| Q3 | 128/6841 | 0.95 | [0.73–1.24] | C3 | 17/1404 | 0.66 | [0.41–1.07] | Q3 | 127/6843 | 0.92 | [0.71–1.21] | ||||
| Q4 | 120/6856 | 0.88 | [0.66–1.17] | C4 | 15/1073 | 0.80 | [0.48–1.34] | Q4 | 118/6859 | 0.85 | [0.64–1.13] | ||||
| Cobalamin | Continuous | 462/27,378 | 1.01 | [0.99–1.02] | 0.5 | Users vs. non-users | 462/27,378 | 0.90 | [0.64–1.28] | 0.6 | Continuous | 462/27,378 | 1.00 | [0.99–1.01] | 1.0 |
| Vitamin B12 | Q1 | 97/6846 | 1 | (ref) | 0.8 | C1 | 427/25,187 | 1 | (ref) | 0.4 | Q1 | 96/6845 | 1 | (ref) | 0.8 |
| Q2 | 119/6851 | 1.08 | [0.82–1.42] | C2 | 11/727 | 0.86 | [0.47–1.57] | Q2 | 122/6848 | 1.11 | [0.85–1.46] | ||||
| Q3 | 123/6836 | 1.06 | [0.81–1.41] | C3 | 17/729 | 1.25 | [0.77–2.03] | Q3 | 121/6838 | 1.06 | [0.80–1.40] | ||||
| Q4 | 123/6845 | 1.05 | [0.79–1.39] | C4 | 7/735 | 0.57 | [0.27–1.19] | Q4 | 123/6847 | 1.06 | [0.80–1.41] | ||||
HR Hazard Ratio; CI, Confidence Interval; Ref, Reference; Q, quartile; C, class (C1 = non-users and C2 to C4 = tertiles of supplemental intake in users of the corresponding supplement) a Models were adjusted for age (time-scale), BMI (kg/m2, continuous), height (cm, continuous), physical activity (IPAQ categories: high, moderate, low, or missing), smoking status (never, former, current smokers), number of dietary records (continuous), alcohol intake (g/day, continuous), energy intake without alcohol (g/day, continuous), family history of cancer (yes/no), educational level (<high-school degree, <2 years after high-school degree, ≥2 years after high-school degree), number of biological children (continuous), menopausal status at baseline (pre-menopause, perimenopause, post-menopause), and baseline use of hormonal treatment for menopause (yes/no). For cobalamin, models were additionally adjusted for red meat consumption (g/day, continuous). b Cut-offs for quartiles of dietary intakes were 0.9/1.1/1.4 mg/day for thiamin, 1.4/1.7/2.1 mg/day for riboflavin, 14.8/18.3/22.4 mg/day for niacin, 4.4/5.2/6.2 mg/day for pantothenic acid, 1.4/1.7/2.0 mg/day for pyridoxine, 262.6/324.2/397.8 µg/day for folate, and 3.2/4.3/6.1 µg/day for cobalamin. Cut-offs for tertiles of supplemental intakes in users of the corresponding supplement were 0.1/0.3 mg/day for thiamin, 0.1/0.3 mg/day for riboflavin, 0.7/3.0 mg/day for niacin, 0.5/1.5 mg/day for pantothenic acid, 0.2/0.7 mg/day for pyridoxine, 16.4/49.3 µg/day for folate, and 0.1/0.4 µg/day for cobalamin. Cut-offs for quartiles of total intakes were 0.9/1.1/1.4 mg/day for thiamin, 1.4/1.7/2.1 mg/day for riboflavin, 15.0/18.6/22.9 mg/day for niacin, 4.4/5.3/6.4 mg/day for pantothenic acid, 1.4/1.7/2.2 mg/day for pyridoxine, 265.8/328.8/405.2 µg/day for folate, and 3.2/4.4/6.2 µg/day for cobalamin.