Table 1.
Preclinical studies investigating the role of dried plum on bone health in rodent models of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
| Reference | Model | Number | Groups | Duration | Primary Outcomes | Primary Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arjmandi et al., 2001 [27] | Sham and Ovx female 90-day old Sprague-Dawley rats | 48 | (1) Sham control, (2) Ovx control, (3) Ovx + 5% dried plum, or (4) Ovx + 25% dried plum |
45 days | BMD and % mineral content of right femur and 4th lumbar vertebrae; trabecular total area and bone area; cortical total area, bone area, marrow space, endosteal perimeter, and periosteal perimeter; serum ALP, TRAP, and IGF-1 | Compared to Ovx control: 4th lumbar vertebrae and femur BMD and trabecular bone area were significantly ↑ in the 25% dried plum group |
| Deyhim et al., 2005 [38] | Sham and Ovx female 90-day old Sprague-Dawley rats | 80 | (1) Sham control, (2) Ovx control, (3) Ovx + 17β-estradiol, (4) Ovx + 5% dried plum, (5) Ovx + 15% dried plum, (6) Ovx + 25% dried plum |
60 days | BMD of femur, left tibiae, and 4th lumbar; biomechanical properties (length, cortical area, unit yield force, and unit ultimate force); trabecular microarchitectural properties (BV/TV), Tb N, Tb S, Tb Th, ConnDens, SMI); serum IGF-1, ALP, and TRAP; urinary Dpd | Compared to Ovx control: Femur and tibia BMD were ↑ in all dried plum groups, 4th lumbar BMD tended to be significantly and was significantly ↑ in the 15% and 25% dried plum groups, respectively; unit yield force tended to be significantly ↑ in all dried plum groups; Tb S was significantly ↑ in all dried plum groups while Tb N and Tb Th were significantly ↑ in 15% and 25% dried plum groups and BV/TV and ConnDens were significantly ↑ in 25% dried plum group; urinary Dpd tended to be significantly ↓ in all dried plum groups |
| Arjmandi et al., 2010 [14] | Sham and Ovx female 90-day old Sprague-Dawley rats | 180 | (1) Sham control, (2) Ovx control, (3) Ovx + 2% FOS, (4) Ovx + 5% FOS + 7.5% dried plum, (5) Ovx + 2% FOS + 5% dried plum, (6) Ovx + 2% FOS + dried plum polyphenols, (7) Ovx + 2% FOS + dried plum juice, (8) Ovx + 2% FOS + dried plum puree, or (9) Ovx + 2% FOS + dried plum pulp/skins |
60 days | BMD and BMC of whole body, right femur, and 4th lumbar vertebrae; bone histomorphometric parameters (BV/TV, Tb N, Tb S, Tb Th, ConnDens, and SMI); 4th lumbar calcium content; serum osteocalcin and IGF-1; serum and urinary calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus; urinary Dpd | Compared to Ovx control: 4th lumbar vertebrae and femur BMD were significantly ↑ in 5% FOS + 7.5% dried plum group with tendency to significantly ↓ loss of lumbar vertebrae calcium, and significantly ↓ trabecular separation |
| Johnson et al., 2011 [15] | Sham and Ovx female 90-day old Sprague-Dawley rats | 72 | (1) Sham control, (2) Ovx control, (3) Ovx + soy, (4) Ovx + soy + dried plum, Ovx + soy + FOS, or (5) Ovx + soy + dried plum + FOS |
60 days | BMD and BMC of the whole body, right femur, and 4th lumbar vertebrae; femoral strength; bone histomorphometric parameters (BV/TV, Tb N, Tb S, Tb Th, and MS/BS); serum total ALP; urinary creatinine and Dpd | Compared to Ovx control: Whole body and 4th lumbar BMD tended to be significantly ↑ in Ovx + soy + dried plum group and was significantly increased in Ovx + soy + dried plum + FOS group, and right femur BMD was significantly ↑; Tb Th tended to be significantly ↑ and Tb Sp, and MS/BS tended to be significantly ↓ in Ovx + soy + dried plum + FOS group; serum ALP and urinary Dpd tended to be significantly ↓ in Ovx + soy + dried plum group and urinary Dpd was significantly ↓ in Ovx + soy + dried plum + FOS group |
| Rendina et al., 2012 [16] | Sham and Ovx female 90-day old C57BL/6J mice | 59 | (1) Sham control, (2) Ovx control, (3) Ovx + 5% dried plum, (4) Ovx + 15% dried plum, (5) Ovx + 25% dried plum |
4 weeks | BMA, BMC, and BMD of the 4th to 5th lumbar vertebrae; bone microarchitecture parameters of tibia and 4th lumbar vertebrae (BV/TV, Tb N, Tb S, Tb Th, ConnDens, and SMI); biomechanical properties of trabecular bone (total force, stiffness, size-independent stiffness, and Von Mises stresses); plasma PINP and IGF-1; Runx2, osteocalcin, and NFATc1 bone gene expression | Compared to Ovx control: BMC and BMD were significantly ↑ in 25% dried plum group; BV/TV and vertebra Tb N were significantly ↑ in 15% and 25% dried plum groups, tibia Tb N was increased in 25% dried plum group, tibia Tb S was significantly ↓ in 15% and 25% dried plum groups while vertebra Tb S was significantly decreased in 25% dried plum group; vertebra ConnDens and SMI were significantly ↑ and ↓, respectively, in 15% and 25% dried plum groups while vertebra apparent mean/density tended to be ↑ in 15% dried plum group and was significantly ↑ in 25% dried plum group; tibia ConnDens and SMI, were significantly ↑ and ↓, respectively, in 15% and 25% dried plum groups while apparent mean density was increased in 25% dried plum group; vertebra total force, stiffness, and size-independent stiffness were significantly ↑ and Von Mises stresses was significantly ↓ in 15% and 25% dried plum groups; PINP, NFATc1, and Runx2 were significantly ↓ in all dried plum groups while IGF-1 was significantly ↑ in 15% dried plum group and osteocalcin was significantly decreased in 15% and 25% dried plum groups |
| Rendina et al., 2013 [36] | Sham and Ovx female 90-day old C57BL/6J mice | 68 | (1) Sham control, (2) Ovx control, (3) Ovx + 25% dried plum, (4) Ovx + 25% dried apple, (5) Ovx + 25% dried apricot, (6) Ovx + 25% dried grape, (7) Ovx + 25% dried mango |
8 weeks | BMA, BMC, and BMD of the whole body and 4th and 5th lumbar vertebrae; bone microarchitecture parameters of tibia and 4th lumbar vertebrae (BV/TV, Tb N, Tb S, Tb Th, ConnDens, SMI, and trabecular density); biomechanical properties of trabecular bone (total force, stiffness, size-independent stiffness); plasma GPx; bone marrow gene expression of NFATc1, Col1a1, ALP, osteocalcin, Bak1; flushed femur expression of Bak1, Casp3, Casp9 | 25% dried plum compared to Ovx control: Whole body and vertebra BMA, BMD, and BMC were significantly ↑, vertebra and tibia BV/TV were significantly ↑; vertebra Tb N, Tb Th, Tb Sp, ConnDens and trabecular density were significantly ↑ and SMI was significantly ↓; proximal tibia Tb N and trabecular density were significantly ↑; vertebra total force, stiffness, and size independent stiffness and tibia size independent stiffness were significantly ↑; plasma GPx was significantly ↑; NFATc1 was significantly ↓ and Col1a1 tended to be ↑, bone marrow Bak1 was significantly ↑, and Casp9 was significantly ↓ |
| Smith et al., 2014 [37] | Sham and Ovx female 6-month old Sprague-Dawley rats | 84 | (1) Sham control, (2) Ovx control, (3) Ovx + 5% dried plum, (4) Ovx + 15% dried plum, (5) Ovx + 25% dried plum, (6) Ovx + PTH |
6 weeks | BMA, BMC, and BMD of the whole body, femur, and 4th and 5th lumbar vertebrae; bone microarchitecture parameters of tibia and 4th lumbar vertebrae (BV/TV, Tb N, Tb S, Tb Th, ConnDens, and SMI); dynamic bone histomorphometry (proximal tibia metaphysis BFR, MS/BS, and MAR; tibial cancellous MS/bone area, and BFR/BV; tibial cortical bone periosteal BFR, periosteal MS, periosteal MAR, endocortical BFR, endocortical MS, and endocortical MAR), plasma PINP; urinary Dpd; bone gene expression of NFATc1, Col1a1, ALP, osteocalcin, Runx2, BMP 2 and 4, IFG-1, RANKL, OPG | Compared to Ovx control: Whole body and femur BMD was significantly ↑ in all dried plum groups; vertebral BMD was significantly ↑ in 15% and 25% dried plum groups and tended to be significantly increased in 5% dried plum group; vertebral BV/TV and Tb N significantly ↑ and Tb S and ConnDens significantly ↓ in all dried plum groups, whereas Tb Th and SMI ↑ and ↑, respectively, in 15% and 25% dried plum groups; proximal tibia metaphysis Tb Sp ↓ in 15% and 25% dried plum groups; tibial mid-diaphysis cortical thickness ↑ in all dried plum groups while cortical area tended to be significantly ↑ in 5% dried plum group; plasma PINP was significantly ↓ in all dried plum groups; urinary Dpd tended to be significantly decreased and was significantly decreased in 5% and 15% dried plum groups, respectively; proximal tibial metaphysis BFR tended to be significantly ↓ in 5% dried plum group and was significantly ↓ in 15% and 25% dried plum groups, MS/BS was significantly ↓ in 15% and 25% dried plum groups, and MAR was significantly ↓ in 15% dried plum group and tended to be significantly ↓ in 5% and 25% dried plum groups; tibial cancellous MS/bone area and BFR/BV were significantly ↓ in all dried plum groups; tibial endocortical MAR was significantly ↓ in the 5% dried plum group and tended to be significantly reduced in the 15% and 25% dried plum groups; relative abundance of NFATc1 was significantly ↓ and BMP4 was significantly ↑ in all dried plum groups, while Col1a1 tended to be significantly reduced in all dried plum groups and IGF-1 was significantly ↑ in 25% dried plum group and tended to be significantly ↑ in 15% dried plum group |
| Pawlowski et al., 2014 [39] | Ovx female 3-month old Sprague-Dawley rats | 44 | (1) Control, (2) grape seed extract-high, (3) grape seed extract-low, (4) blueberry-high, (5) blueberry-low, (6) dried plum-high, (7) dried plum-low, (8) grape-high, (9) grape-low, (10) resveratrol-high, (11) resveratrol-low, (12) soy isoflavone-glycosylated, (13) soy isoflavone-genistein aglycone |
10 days | Urine calcium (45Ca and total calcium); serum BALP; urinary NTx | Bone calcium retention was significantly ↑ in dried plum-high group compared to baseline |
| Léotoing et al., 2016 [40] | Ovx female 5-month old Wistar rats | 84 | (1) Sham control, (2) Ovx control, (3) high chlorogenic acid dried plum, (4) low chlorogenic acid dried plum, (5) high chlorogenic acid dried plum juice, (6) low chlorogenic acid dried plum juice, (7) low chlorogenic acid dried plum + fiber |
90 days | Total femoral BMD, metaphyseal BMD, and diaphyseal BMD; total BMC; blood osteocalcin, CPII, CTX-II, and CRI; urinary Dpd and calcium; BRI | Compared to Ovx control: Total femoral BMD and metaphyseal BMD were significantly ↑ in low chlorogenic acid dried plum + fiber and low chlorogenic acid dried plum juice group and tended to be significantly ↑ in all other dried plum groups; diaphyseal BMD was significantly ↑ in high chlorogenic acid dried plum, low chlorogenic acid dried plum + fiber and the low chlorogenic acid dried plum juice groups; total BMC was significantly ↑ in all low chlorogenic acid dried plum groups and tended to be significantly ↑ in high chlorogenic acid dried plum groups; blood osteocalcin was significantly ↓ in high chlorogenic acid dried plum, low chlorogenic acid dried plum + fiber, and low chlorogenic acid dried plum juice groups and tended to be significantly ↓ in the other dried plum groups; urinary Dpd was significantly ↓ in low chlorogenic acid dried plum + fiber and low chlorogenic acid dried plum juice groups and tended to be significantly ↓ in the other dried plum groups; BRI tended to be ↓ in all high chlorogenic acid dried plum groups and tended to be ↑ in all low chlorogenic acid dried plum groups; all groups had significantly ↑ calciurea; CPII and CRI were significantly ↑ in high chlorogenic acid dried plum group |
BALP, bone alkaline phosphatase; BMA, bone mineral area; BMC, bone mineral content; BMD, bone mineral density; BFR, bone formation rate; BMP, bone morphogenetic proteins; BRI, bone remodeling index; BSAP, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase; BV/TV, bone volume to total volume ratio; 45Ca, calcium-45; Col1a1, type 1 collagen; ConnDens, connectivity density; CPII, C-propeptide of type II collagen; CRI, cartilage remodeling index; CTX-II, C-terminal telopeptides of type II collagen; Dpd, deoxypyridinoline; HP, helical peptide; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor-1, IGFBP-3, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3; IL-6, interleukin-6; MAR, mineral apposition rate; MS, mineralizing surface; MS/BS, mineral surface as percent of bone surface; NFATc1, nuclear factor of activated T cells; NTx, cross-linked N-telopeptides of type 1 collagen; OPG, osteoprotegerin; PINP, N-terminal propeptide of type 1 procollagen; PTH, parathyroid hormone; RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand; Runx2, runt-related protein 2; Tb N, trabecular number; Tb Sp, trabecular separation; Tb Th, trabecular thickness; TRAP, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; Ovx, ovariectomized; Sham, sham-operated; SMI, structural model index.