Table 2.
Clinical trials investigating the role of dried plum on bone health in postmenopausal women.
| Reference | Design | Population | Number | Intervention | Duration | Primary Outcomes | Primary Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arjmandi et al., 2002 [41] | RCT | Postmenopausal women | 58 | 100 g/day dried plum or 75 g/day dried apple (comparative control) | 3 months | Serum IGF-1, IGFBP-3, AP, TRAP, BSAP, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium, urinary Dpd, HP, and creatinine | ↑ IGF-1, AP, and BSAP compared to baseline in dried plum group |
| Hooshmand et al., 2011 [13] | RCT | Postmenopausal women with osteopenia | 160 | 100 g/day dried plum or 75 g/day dried apple (comparative control) | 12 months | Whole body, lumbar spine, hip, and forearm BMD; serum BALP, osteocalcin, TRAP-5b, and CRP | ↑ ulna and lumbar spine BMD in dried plum group compared to dried apple (p < 0.05), ↓ BALP in dried plum group compared to baseline |
| Hooshmand et al., 2014 [44] | RCT | Postmenopausal women with osteopenia | 160 | 100 g/day dried plum or 75 g/day dried apple (comparative control) | 12 months | Serum Dpd, RANKL, OPG, and sclerostin | Non-significant ↑ in RANKL, RANKL/OPG ratio, and sclerostin, and ↓ in OPG compared to baseline in dried apple group, non-significant ↑ in OPG and RANKL and ↓ in sclerostin in dried plum group compared to baseline |
| Simonavice et al., 2014 [45] | Non-randomized intervention trial | Postmenopausal breast cancer survivors | 23 | Resistance exercise with/without 90 g/day dried plum | 6 months | Whole body, lumbar spine, femur, and forearm BMD; serum BAP, TRAP-5b, and CRP | No significant effects |
| Hooshmand et al., 2016 [46] | RCT | Older postmenopausal women | 48 | 0, 50, or 100 g/day dried plum | 6 months | Whole body, lumbar spine, hip, and forearm BMD; serum hs-CRP, IGF-1, BAP, TRAP-5b, BAP/TRAP-5b ratio, sclerostin, 25-OH vitamin D, RANKL, OPG, calcium, and phosphorus | ↑ whole body BMD in both dried plum groups compared to control, ↓ TRAP-5b at 3 and 6 months in dried plum groups compared to control, ↑ BAP/TRAP-5b ratio at 6 months in both dried plum groups compared to baseline |
BMD, bone mineral density; BSAP, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase; CRP, C-reactive protein; Dpd, deoxypyridinoline; HP, helical peptide; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity CRP; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor-1, IGFBP-3, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3; OPG, osteoprotegerin; RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand; RCT, randomized controlled trial; TRAP, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase.