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Modulation of antioxidation by probiotics. ① Probiotics chelate metal ion. ② Probiotics possess their own antioxidases. ③ Probiotics produce antioxidant metabolites. ④ Probiotics up-regulate antioxidase activities of the host. ⑤ Probiotics increase levels of antioxidant metabolites of the host. ⑥ Probiotics regulate signaling pathways. ⑦ Probiotics down-regulate activities of enzymes producing ROS. ⑧ Probiotics regulates intestinal microbiota.
