Table 4.
Pre-Fortification (2009) | Post-Fortification (2012) | P 2 | P 3 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Women | |||||
N | 273 | 305 | |||
RBP, µmol/L | 1.41 ± 0.02 | 1.40 ± 0.02 | 0.70 | 0.35 | |
Adjusted4 RBP, µmol/L | 1.65 ± 3.0 | 1.66 ± 0.02 | 0.34 | - | |
RBP < 0.78 µmol/L, % | 2.4 ± 0.9 | 3.4 ± 1.1 | 0.54 | 0.58 | |
RBP < 1.17 µmol/L, % | 22.5 ± 3.1 | 25.9 ± 2.9 | 0.42 | 0.28 | |
Adjusted 4 RBP < 0.78 µmol/L, % | 1.5 ± 0.7 | 1.7 ± 0.7 | 0.83 | - | |
Adjusted 4 RBP < 1.17 µmol/L, % | 10.3 ± 1.9 | 14.8 ± 1.7 | 0.80 | - | |
N | 134 | 154 | |||
Breast milk vitamin A, µmol/L | 3.67 ± 0.21 | 4.38 ± 0.25 | 0.011 | 0.15 | |
Breast milk vitamin A, µg/g fat | 26.1 ± 1.8 | 27.1 ± 1.2 | 0.41 | - | |
Breast milk vitamin A < 1.05 µmol/L, % | 7.6 ± 1.8 | 2.5 ± 1.2 | 0.050 | 0.85 | |
Breast milk vitamin A < 8 µg/g fat | 2.5 ± 1.9 | 2.6 ± 1.5 | 0.96 | - | |
Children | |||||
N | 254 | 297 | |||
RBP, µmol/L | 0.87 ± 0.02 | 0.88 ± 0.02 | 0.68 | 0.18 5 | |
Adjusted 4 RBP, µmol/L | 0.98 ± 0.02 | 1.00 ± 0.02 | 0.49 | - | |
RBP < 0.83 µmol/L, % | 44.2 ± 3.6 | 41.2 ± 3.2 | 0.50 | 0.18 6 | |
Adjusted 4 RBP < 0.83 µmol/L, % | 30.6 ± 3.9 | 26.6 ± 2.2 | 0.28 | - |
1 Values are mean ± SE. 2 Unadjusted, unless otherwise indicated. 3 Adjusted for participant characteristics and relevant confounders. 4 Values adjusted for inflammation by regression analysis to values equivalent to those at CRP and AGP concentrations of 0.12 mg/L CRP and 0.57 g/L AGP for children and 0.16 mg/L CRP and 0.47 g/L AGP for women (the 10th percentile among individuals with CRP < 5 and AGP < 1). Values for the two surveys were compared by regression analysis, using the unadjusted value as the dependent variable and including CRP, AGP, and their interaction as covariates. 5 Including brand-name oil intake, rather than all refined oil, as a potential covariate, P = 0.15. 6 Including brand-name oil intake, rather than all refined oil, as a potential covariate, P = 0.049.