Table 4.

Indicators of vitamin A status among women and children who participated in the baseline and post-fortification studies, and change from 2009 to 2012 ¹.

		Pre-Fortification (2009)	Post-Fortification (2012)	P 2	P 3
Women
	N	273	305
	RBP, µmol/L	1.41 ± 0.02	1.40 ± 0.02	0.70	0.35
	Adjusted4 RBP, µmol/L	1.65 ± 3.0	1.66 ± 0.02	0.34	-
	RBP < 0.78 µmol/L, %	2.4 ± 0.9	3.4 ± 1.1	0.54	0.58
	RBP < 1.17 µmol/L, %	22.5 ± 3.1	25.9 ± 2.9	0.42	0.28
	Adjusted 4 RBP < 0.78 µmol/L, %	1.5 ± 0.7	1.7 ± 0.7	0.83	-
	Adjusted 4 RBP < 1.17 µmol/L, %	10.3 ± 1.9	14.8 ± 1.7	0.80	-
	N	134	154
	Breast milk vitamin A, µmol/L	3.67 ± 0.21	4.38 ± 0.25	0.011	0.15
	Breast milk vitamin A, µg/g fat	26.1 ± 1.8	27.1 ± 1.2	0.41	-
	Breast milk vitamin A < 1.05 µmol/L, %	7.6 ± 1.8	2.5 ± 1.2	0.050	0.85
	Breast milk vitamin A < 8 µg/g fat	2.5 ± 1.9	2.6 ± 1.5	0.96	-
Children
	N	254	297
	RBP, µmol/L	0.87 ± 0.02	0.88 ± 0.02	0.68	0.18 5
	Adjusted 4 RBP, µmol/L	0.98 ± 0.02	1.00 ± 0.02	0.49	-
	RBP < 0.83 µmol/L, %	44.2 ± 3.6	41.2 ± 3.2	0.50	0.18 6
	Adjusted 4 RBP < 0.83 µmol/L, %	30.6 ± 3.9	26.6 ± 2.2	0.28	-

¹ Values are mean ± SE. ² Unadjusted, unless otherwise indicated. ³ Adjusted for participant characteristics and relevant confounders. ⁴ Values adjusted for inflammation by regression analysis to values equivalent to those at CRP and AGP concentrations of 0.12 mg/L CRP and 0.57 g/L AGP for children and 0.16 mg/L CRP and 0.47 g/L AGP for women (the 10th percentile among individuals with CRP < 5 and AGP < 1). Values for the two surveys were compared by regression analysis, using the unadjusted value as the dependent variable and including CRP, AGP, and their interaction as covariates. ⁵ Including brand-name oil intake, rather than all refined oil, as a potential covariate, P = 0.15. ⁶ Including brand-name oil intake, rather than all refined oil, as a potential covariate, P = 0.049.