Exhibit 1. Descriptive statistics of analytic variables.

	Reference time period	Mean/frequency	Standard deviation	Range
Dependent variables
Depressive symptoms scale	15	2.98	2.98	[0, 15]
Anxiety symptoms scale	15	4.88	3.89	[0, 18]
Neighborhood variables
Collective efficacy scale	3 to 9	18.30	4.52	[2.33, 27.00]
Socio-economic disadvantage scale	3 to 9	0.67	1.10	[-2.06, 4.71]
Socio-demographic control variables
Annual household income (dollars)	3 to 9	41,367	43,064	[868, 583,333]
Household residential moves	3 to 9	2.33	2.09	[0, 10]
Children in household	Birth	1.25	1.29	[0, 7]
Mother relationship to father
Married	Birth	.26		[0, 1]
Cohabiting	Birth	.36		[0, 1]
Other	Birth	.39		[0, 1]
Mother education
Less than high school	Birth	.30		[0, 1]
High school degree	Birth	.31		[0, 1]
Some college	Birth	.27		[0, 1]
College degree	Birth	.12		[0, 1]
Mother race/ethnicity
White, non-Hispanic	Birth	.23		[0, 1]
Black, non-Hispanic	Birth	.50		[0, 1]
Hispanic, any race	Birth	.23		[0, 1]
Other race, non-Hispanic	Birth	.04		[0, 1]
Mother foreign born	Birth	.12		[0, 1]
Mother age (years)	Birth	25.30	6.07	[14.00, 47.00]
Child female	Birth	.48		[0, 1]
Child age (years)	15	15.46	0.56	[14.40, 17.88]
Mental health control variables
Mother mental health
Major Depression Episode	Birth to 3	.23		[0, 1]
Generalized Anxiety Disorder	Birth to 3	.07		[0, 1]
Maternal grandmother mental health
Depressive symptoms	Before 3	.30		[0, 1]
Anxiety symptoms	Before 3	.18		[0, 1]
Childhood anxious/depressed scale	3	5.40	3.23	[0, 19]

Source: Authors' analysis of data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study. Notes: The reference time period corresponds to the approximate age of the focal child in years.