Table 1.

Classification of existing models of chronic lung disease.

analysis	microstructural mechanism	analytical solution onset of failure	numerical solution post-failure regime
symptoms
airway constriction	smooth muscle thickening → increased pressure    on submucosal layer	bifurcation analysis → folding pressure $p^{\mathrm{fold}}$ → number of folds $n^{\mathrm{fold}}$ [13,14,15,17]	finite element analysis → contact pressure $p^{\mathrm{crit}}$ → folded configuration [14,15]
airway inflammation	mucosal inflammation → volume growth     of mucosal layer	bifurcation analysis → folding growth ${\vartheta }^{\mathrm{fold}}$ → number of folds $n^{\mathrm{fold}}$ [8,13,16,17,23,24]	finite element analysis → contact growth ${\vartheta }^{\mathrm{crit}}$ → folded configuration [8,16,23,25,31,32]