Supplementary Table 3.
Subgroup-analysis and meta-regression.
| Subgroup | Studies (N) | WMD (95% CI) | I-squared and P-value respectively | P-value of meta-regression |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| D-dimer | ||||
|
| ||||
| Year of publication | 0.845 | |||
| >2000 | 25 | 243.7 (209.1 to 278.2) | 99.8% and 0.001 | |
| ≤2000 | 16 | 137.3 (103.6 to 171.1) | 99.1% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| Geographic area | 0.008 | |||
| Asian | 13 | 144.4 (108.8 to 180.1) | 99.7% and 0.001 | |
| European | 24 | 242.5 (199.4 to 285.7) | 99% and 0.001 | |
| Africa | 1 | 0.83 (0.28 to 1.38) | – | |
| North American | 2 | 65.11 (−62.93 to 193.1) | 98.2% and 0.001 | |
| South American | – | – | – | |
| Australia | 1 | 472 (429.3 to 514.6) | – | |
|
| ||||
| Design of study | 0.001 | |||
| Cohort | 35 | 176.1 (153.7 to 198.4) | 99.7% and 0.001 | |
| Case-control | 6 | 290.2 (189.5 to 390.8) | 99.8% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| Number of population | 0.49 | |||
| >300 | 2 | 65.1 (−62.9 to 193.1) | 99.9% and 0.001 | |
| ≤300 | 39 | 204.4 (179.9 to 229) | 99.4% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| Mean Age | 0.92 | |||
| >60 years | 26 | 226.7 (188.6 to 264.8) | 99.7% and 0.001 | |
| ≤60 years | 9 | 160.7 (77 to 244.4) | 99.6% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| Male | 0.94 | |||
| >70% | 3 | 113.7 (22.2 to 205.1) | 98.9% and 0.001 | |
| ≤70% | 26 | 227.8 (187.8 to 267.8) | 99.6% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 0.47 | |||
| >30% | 2 | 290 (271.6 to 308.4) | 73.3% and 0.001 | |
| ≤30% | 20 | 264.8 (205.7 to 323.8) | 99.7% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| Hypertension | 0.96 | |||
| >70% | 1 | 96.1 (47.2 to 144.7) | – | |
| ≤70% | 19 | 258.6 (194.7 to 321.9) | 99.8% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| History of myocardial infarction | 0.95 | |||
| >20% | 1 | −0.16 (−0.42 to 0.107) | – | |
| ≤20% | 4 | 761.7 (140.3 to 1383.2) | 98.2% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| Anti-coagulant status codes | 0.91 | |||
| 1 | 18 | 215.3 (172 to 258.6) | 98.9% and 0.001 | |
| 2 | – | – | – | |
| 3 | 2 | 154 (−110.2 to418.4) | 97.6% and 0.001 | |
| 4 | 11 | 331.3 (225.5 to 437.1) | 99.6% and 0.001 | |
| 5 | 10 | 91.1 (56 to 126.3) | 99.9% and 0.001 | |
| 6 | – | – | – | |
|
| ||||
| AF | 0.015 | |||
| Chronic | 14 | 261.3 (208.9 to 313.8) | 99.6% and 0.001 | |
| Non-chronic | 11 | 104.7 (29.6 to 179.8) | 99.4% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| Type of AF | 0.254 | |||
| Paroxysmal | 5 | 19.6 (12.5 to 26.8) | 0.0% and 0.78 | |
| Persistent | – | – | – | |
| Permanent | 4 | 512.5 (135.3 to 889.8) | 99% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| Cigarette smoking | 0.132 | |||
| >30% | 7 | 111.1 (106.1 to 116) | 99.7% and 0.001 | |
| ≤30% | 8 | −0.136 (−0.403 to 0.131) | 98.3% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| Fibrinogen | ||||
|
| ||||
| Year of publication | 0.02 | |||
| >2000 | 46 | 0.29 (0.24 to 0.35) | 96.1% and 0.001 | |
| ≤2000 | 12 | 0.75 (0.54 to 0.96) | 96.4% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| Geographic area | 0.04 | |||
| Asian | 9 | 0.35 (0.24 to 0.47) | 95% and 0.001 | |
| European | 40 | 0.53 (0.38 to 0.68) | 97.9% and 0.001 | |
| Africa | – | – | – | |
| North American | 9 | 0.10 (0.02 to 0.19) | 97.3% and 0.001 | |
| South American | – | – | – | |
| Australia | – | – | – | |
|
| ||||
| Design of study | 0.44 | |||
| Cohort | 15 | 0.22 (0.15 to 0.29) | 98.2% and 0.001 | |
| Case-control | 43 | 0.52 (0.36 to 0.69) | 97.4% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| Number of population | 0.053 | |||
| >300 | 11 | 0.15 (0.05 to 0.25) | 98.4% and 0.001 | |
| ≤300 | 47 | 0.52 (0.39 to 0.64) | 98% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| Mean Age | 0.94 | |||
| >60 years | 43 | 0.48 (0.37 to 0.59) | 98.7% and 0.001 | |
| ≤60 years | 13 | 0.26 (0.17 to 0.34) | 95% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| Male | 0.468 | |||
| >70% | 13 | 0.56 (0.35 to 0.77) | 93.9% and 0.001 | |
| ≤70% | 37 | 0.40 (0.31 to 0.48) | 98.9% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 0.97 | |||
| >30% | 6 | 0.40 (0.11 to 0.69) | 96.5% and 0.001 | |
| ≤30% | 37 | 0.35 (0.28 to 0.43) | 97.3% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| Hypertension | 0.60 | |||
| >70% | 3 | 0.17 (0.004 to 0.35) | 87.1% and 0.001 | |
| ≤70% | 40 | 0.36 (0.29 to 0.43) | 97.5% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| History of myocardial infarction | 0.58 | |||
| >20% | 4 | 0.01 (−0.11 to 0.13) | 75.6% and 0.006 | |
| ≤20% | 16 | 0.42 (0.26 to 0.58) | 96.5% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| Anti-coagulant status codes | 0.26 | |||
| 1 | 16 | 0.45 (0.23 to 0.68) | 98.5% and 0.001 | |
| 2 | – | – | – | |
| 3 | 8 | 0.62 (0.19 to 1.05) | 95.3% and 0.001 | |
| 4 | 16 | 0.20 (0.14 to 0.25) | 92.7% and 0.001 | |
| 5 | 17 | 0.53 (0.33 to 0.73) | 98.6% and 0.001 | |
| 6 | 1 | 0.05 (−0.13 to 0.23) | – | |
|
| ||||
| AF | 0.23 | |||
| Chronic | 18 | 0.7 (0.42 to 0.97) | 97.6% and 0.001 | |
| Non-chronic | 16 | 0.24 (0.16 to 0.33) | 92.6% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| Type of AF | 0.43 | |||
| Paroxysmal | 8 | 0.38 (0.18 to 0.58) | 83.9% and 0.78 | |
| Persistent | 4 | 0.42 (0.11 to 0.74) | 90.2% and 0.001 | |
| Permanent | 9 | 0.54 (0.21 to 0.87) | 93.6% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| Cigarette smoking | 0.47 | |||
| >30% | 11 | 0.51 (0.47 TO 0.56) | 98.3% and 0.001 | |
| ≤30% | 26 | 0.09 (0.78 to 0.103) | 96.5% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| Prothrombotic Factor 1–2 | ||||
|
| ||||
| Year of publication | – | |||
| >2000 | 7 | 0.79 (−0.39 to 1.98) | 98.1% and 0.001 | |
| ≤2000 | 2 | 0.97 (−0.54 to 2.49) | 99.8% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| Geographic area | – | |||
| Asian | 3 | 0.52 (0.23 to 0.82) | 99.7% and 0.001 | |
| European | 6 | 0.47 (0.34 to 0.64) | 94.8% and 0.001 | |
| Africa | – | – | – | |
| North American | – | – | – | |
| South American | – | – | – | |
| Australia | – | – | – | |
|
| ||||
| Design of study | All of them are case–control | |||
| Cohort | ||||
| Case-control | ||||
|
| ||||
| Number of population | – | |||
| >300 | 1 | 0.36 (0.33 to 0.39) | – | |
| ≤300 | 8 | 0.46 (0.29 to 0.62) | 99.2% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| Mean Age | – | |||
| >60 years | 6 | 0.82 (0.26 to 1.37) | 99% and 0.001 | |
| ≤60 years | – | – | – | |
|
| ||||
| Male | – | |||
| >70% | 1 | 1.75 (1.61 to 1.88) | – | |
| ≤70% | 5 | 0.58 (0.25 to 0.91) | 95.5% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| Diabetes mellitus | – | |||
| >30% | – | – | – | |
| ≤30% | 5 | 0.58 (0.25 to 0.91) | 95.5% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| Hypertension | – | |||
| >70% | – | – | – | |
| ≤70% | 5 | 0.38 (0.17 to 0.59) | 99.7% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| History of myocardial infarction | – | |||
| >20% | – | – | – | |
| ≤20% | 1 | 0.67 (0.57 to 0.76) | – | |
|
| ||||
| Anti-coagulant status codes | – | |||
| 1 | 2 | 0.46 (−0.21 to 1.42) | 72.9% and 0.05 | |
| 2 | – | – | – | |
| 3 | – | – | – | |
| 4 | 5 | 0.84 (0.31 to 1.36) | 99% and 0.001 | |
| 5 | 2 | −0.04 (−0.07 to 0.01) | 77.1% and 0.03 | |
| 6 | – | – | – | |
|
| ||||
| AF | – | |||
| Chronic | 2 | 1.20 (0.15 to 2.26) | 99.4% and 0.001 | |
| Non-chronic | – | – | – | |
|
| ||||
| Type of AF | – | |||
| Paroxysmal | – | – | – | |
| Persistent | – | – | – | |
| Permanent | – | – | – | |
|
| ||||
| Cigarette smoking | No Data | |||
| >30% | ||||
| ≤30% | ||||
|
| ||||
| Thrombin anti thrombin | ||||
|
| ||||
| Year of publication | – | |||
| >2000 | 4 | 5.80 (−1.006 to 12.78) | 99.7% and 0.001 | |
| ≤2000 | 4 | 4.57 (1.77 to 7.36) | 85.4% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| Geographic area | – | |||
| Asian | 5 | 6.93 (2.18 to 11.68) | 98.1% and 0.001 | |
| European | 2 | 5.46 (3.43 to 7.48) | 41.4% and 0.19 | |
| Africa | – | – | – | |
| North American | 1 | 0.05 (0.01 to 0.093) | – | |
| South American | – | – | – | |
| Australia | – | – | – | |
|
| ||||
| Design of study | All of them are case–control | |||
| Cohort | ||||
| Case-control | ||||
|
| ||||
| Number of population | All of them are less than 300 cases | |||
| >300 | ||||
| ≤300 | ||||
|
| ||||
| Mean Age | – | |||
| >60 years | 3 | 5.79 (3.63 to 7.96) | 37.5% and 0.202 | |
| ≤60 years | 3 | 7.89 (2.09 to 13.68) | 98.8% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| Male | – | |||
| >70% | – | – | – | |
| ≤70% | 5 | 7.87 (4.43 to 11.32) | 98.3% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| Diabetes mellitus | – | |||
| >30% | – | – | – | |
| ≤30% | 2 | 5.46 (3.43 to 7.48) | 41.4% and 0.191 | |
|
| ||||
| Hypertension | – | |||
| >70% | – | – | – | |
| ≤70% | 2 | 5.46 (3.43 to 7.48) | 41.4% and 0.191 | |
|
| ||||
| History of myocardial infarction | No Data | |||
| >20% | ||||
| ≤20% | ||||
|
| ||||
| Anti-coagulant status codes | All of them are Code–1 | |||
| 1 | ||||
| 2 | ||||
| 3 | ||||
| 4 | ||||
| 5 | ||||
| 6 | ||||
|
| ||||
| AF | – | |||
| Chronic | – | – | – | |
| Non-chronic | 2 | 2.47 (0.55 to 4.39) | 27.4% and 0.24 | |
|
| ||||
| Type of AF | – | |||
| Paroxysmal | 5 | 2.47 (0.55 to 4.39) | 27.4% and 0.24 | |
| Persistent | – | – | – | |
| Permanent | – | – | – | |
|
| ||||
| Cigarette smoking | No sufficient data | |||
| >30% | ||||
| ≤30% | ||||
|
| ||||
| Anti-thrombin III | ||||
|
| ||||
| Year of publication | – | |||
| >2000 | 3 | 4.26 (−8.76 to 17.28) | 91% and 0.001 | |
| ≤2000 | 3 | 46.78 (36.8 to 56.70) | 0% and 0.833 | |
|
| ||||
| Geographic area | All of them are European | |||
| Asian | ||||
| European | ||||
| Africa | ||||
| North American | ||||
| South American | ||||
| Australia | ||||
|
| ||||
| Design of study | All of them are case–control | |||
| Cohort | ||||
| Case-control | ||||
|
| ||||
| Number of population | All of studies have less than 300 cases | |||
| >300 | ||||
| ≤300 | ||||
|
| ||||
| Mean Age | – | |||
| >60 years | 2 | 22.65 (−32.07 to 77.37) | 94.2% and 0.001 | |
| ≤60 years | 3 | 18.96 (0.16 to 37.65) | 91.1% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| Male | – | |||
| >70% | 1 | −3.80 (−8.98 to 1.38) | – | |
| ≤70% | 1 | 43.55 (28.29 to 58.80) | – | |
|
| ||||
| Diabetes mellitus | – | |||
| >30% | – | – | – | |
| ≤30% | 5 | 30.21 (11.99 to 48.42) | 91.3% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| Hypertension | – | |||
| >70% | – | – | – | |
| ≤70% | 2 | 8.65 (−6.11 to 23.43) | 85.3% and 0.009 | |
|
| ||||
| History of myocardial infarction | No data | |||
| >20% | ||||
| ≤20% | ||||
|
| ||||
| Anti-coagulant status codes | – | |||
| 1 | 3 | 46.78 (36.85 to 56.70) | 0.0% and 0.833 | |
| 2 | – | – | – | |
| 3 | 1 | −3.80 (−8.98 to 1.38) | – | |
| 4 | – | – | – | |
| 5 | 2 | 8.65 (−6.11 to 23.43) | 85.3% and 0.009 | |
| 6 | – | – | – | |
|
| ||||
| AF | – | |||
| Chronic | 2 | 22.65 (−32.07 to 77.37) | 94.2% and 0.001 | |
| Non-chronic | – | – | – | |
|
| ||||
| Type of AF | – | |||
| Paroxysmal | – | 19.6 (12.5 to 26.8) | – | |
| Persistent | – | – | – | |
| Permanent | 1 | −3.80 (−8.98 to 1.38) | – | |
|
| ||||
| Cigarette smoking | No sufficient data | |||
| >30% | ||||
| ≤30% | ||||
|
| ||||
| Fibrinopeptide-A | ||||
|
| ||||
| Year of publication | – | |||
| >2000 | 1 | 10.05 (9.37 to 10.72) | – | |
| ≤2000 | 3 | 2.17 (−0.72 to 5.07) | 99.4% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| Geographic area | – | |||
| Asian | 1 | 4.60 (4.28 o 4.91) | – | |
| European | 3 | 3.98 (−1.33 to 9.30) | 99.7% and 0.001 | |
| Africa | – | – | – | |
| North American | – | – | – | |
| South American | – | – | – | |
| Australia | – | – | – | |
|
| ||||
| Design of study | All of studies are case–control | |||
| Cohort | ||||
| Case-control | ||||
|
| ||||
| Number of population | All of studies have less than 300 cases | |||
| >300 | ||||
| ≤300 | ||||
|
| ||||
| Mean Age | All of studies have total age higher than 60 years | |||
| >60 years | ||||
| ≤60 years | ||||
|
| ||||
| Male | – | |||
| >70% | 1 | 4.60 (4.28 o 4.91) | – | |
| ≤70% | 1 | 10.05 (9.37 to 10.72) | – | |
|
| ||||
| Diabetes mellitus | – | |||
| >30% | – | – | – | |
| ≤30% | 1 | 10.05 (9.37 to 10.72) | – | |
|
| ||||
| Hypertension | – | |||
| >70% | – | – | – | |
| ≤70% | 1 | 10.05 (9.37 to 10.72) | – | |
|
| ||||
| History of myocardial infarction | No data | |||
| >20% | ||||
| ≤20% | ||||
|
| ||||
| Anti-coagulant status codes | – | |||
| 1 | 3 | 3.98 (−1.33 to 9.30) | 99.7% and 0.001 | |
| 2 | – | – | – | |
| 3 | – | – | – | |
| 4 | 1 | 4.60 (4.28 to 4.97) | – | |
| 5 | – | – | – | |
| 6 | – | – | – | |
|
| ||||
| AF | – | |||
| Chronic | 1 | 4.60 (4.28 to 4.97) | – | |
| Non-chronic | 1 | 10.05 (9.37 to 10.72) | – | |
|
| ||||
| Type of AF | – | |||
| Paroxysmal | 1 | 10.05 (9.37 to 10.72)– | – | |
| Persistent | – | – | – | |
| Permanent | – | – | – | |
|
| ||||
| Cigarette smoking | – | |||
| >30% | 2 | 5.19 (4.78 to 5.63) | 99.7% and 0.001 | |
| ≤30% | 1 | 0.42 (0.11 to 0.72) | – | |
|
| ||||
| Tissue plasminogen activator | ||||
|
| ||||
| Year of publication | – | |||
| >2000 | 9 | 3.095 (1.52 to 4.66) | 95.5% and 0.001 | |
| ≤2000 | 5 | 0.709 (−0.908 to 2.32) | 99.2% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| Geographic area | – | |||
| Asian | 2 | 3.78 (3.30 to 4.26) | 0.0% and 0.86 | |
| European | 11 | 1.86 (0.69 to 3.03) | 98.4% and 0.001 | |
| Africa | – | – | – | |
| North American | 1 | 1.30 (0.013 to 2.58) | – | |
| South American | – | – | – | |
| Australia | – | – | – | |
|
| ||||
| Design of study | – | |||
| Cohort | 2 | 1.89 (−1.82 to 5.62) | 98.2% and 0.001 | |
| Case-control | 12 | 2.16 (0.98 to 3.34) | 98.2% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| Number of population | – | |||
| >300 | 1 | 3.80 (3.30 to 4.29) | – | |
| ≤300 | 13 | 1.95 (0.88 to 3.02) | 98.1% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| Mean Age | – | |||
| >60 years | 10 | 2.69 (1.56 to 3.83) | 96.1% and 0.001 | |
| ≤60 years | 3 | 1.29 (−1.14 to 3.74) | 88.8% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| Male | – | |||
| >70% | 4 | 3.67 (0.40 to 6.94) | 96.3% and 0.001 | |
| ≤70% | 6 | 2.34 (0.56 to 4.13) | 99.2% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| Diabetes mellitus | – | |||
| >30% | – | – | – | |
| ≤30% | 13 | 1.60 (0.52 to 2.68) | 98.3% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| Hypertension | – | |||
| >70% | – | – | – | |
| ≤70% | 10 | 2.41 (1.47 to 3.51) | 93.5% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| History of myocardial infarction | – | |||
| >20% | 2 | 1.98 (0.81 to 3.14) | 53.3% and 0.143 | |
| ≤20% | 2 | 3.68 (3.26 to 4.10) | 0.0% and 0.396 | |
|
| ||||
| Anti-coagulant status codes | – | |||
| 1 | 5 | 0.21 (−1.50 to 1.93) | 99.1% and 0.001 | |
| 2 | – | – | – | |
| 3 | 1 | 10.57 (8.055 to 13.085) | – | |
| 4 | 3 | 1.94 (−0.36 to 4.26) | 96.8% and 0.001 | |
| 5 | 4 | 3.48 (2.76 to 4.19) | 22.6% and 0.275 | |
| 6 | 1 | 1.30 (0.013 to 2.58) | – | |
|
| ||||
| AF | – | |||
| Chronic | 3 | 4.43 (−1.25 to 10.12) | 97.6% and 0.001 | |
| Non-chronic | 2 | 2.99 (2.11 to 3.87) | 51% and 0.154 | |
|
| ||||
| Type of AF | – | |||
| Paroxysmal | 1 | 2.50 (1.53 to 3.46) | – | |
| Persistent | 1 | 3.40 (2.62 to 4.17) | – | |
| Permanent | 1 | 10.57 (8.055 to 13.085) | – | |
|
| ||||
| Cigarette smoking | – | |||
| >30% | 2 | 4.05 (3.56 to 4.56) | 96.3% and 0.001 | |
| ≤30% | 4 | 2.73 (2.18 to 3.27) | 61.6% and 0.051 | |
|
| ||||
| Plasminogen activator inhibitor | ||||
|
| ||||
| Year of publication | 0.28 | |||
| >2000 | 10 | 6.69 (1.79 to 11.59) | 99.5% and 0.001 | |
| ≤2000 | 5 | 20.72 (7.68 to 33.75) | 97.4% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| Geographic area | 0.30 | |||
| Asian | 4 | 15.82 (0.49 to 31.14) | 99.5% and 0.001 | |
| European | 10 | 10.07 (6.93 to 13.21) | 98.4% and 0.001 | |
| Africa | – | – | – | |
| North American | 1 | 1.009 (−3.05 to 5.07) | – | |
| South American | – | – | – | |
| Australia | – | – | – | |
|
| ||||
| Design of study | 0.97 | |||
| Cohort | 1 | 4.490 (2.71 to 7.08) | – | |
| Case-control | 14 | 11.28 (6.70 to 15.86) | 99.4% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| Number of population | 0.98 | |||
| >300 | 1 | 4.490 (2.71 to 7.08) | – | |
| ≤300 | 14 | 11.28 (6.70 to 15.86) | 99.4% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| Mean Age | 0.96 | |||
| >60 years | 9 | 6.99 (4.31 to 9.67) | 91.7% and 0.001 | |
| ≤60 years | 5 | 10.36 (2.19 to 18.52) | 99.8% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| Male | 0.18 | |||
| >70% | 1 | 36.42 (32.41 to 40.42) | – | |
| ≤70% | 8 | 11.28 (3.14 to 19.42) | 99.5% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| Diabetes mellitus | – | |||
| >30% | – | – | – | |
| ≤30% | 12 | 8.93 (6.03 to 11.88) | 98.1% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| Hypertension | – | |||
| >70% | – | – | – | |
| ≤70% | 9 | 3.34 (1.30 to 5.39) | 96% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| History of myocardial infarction | 0.97 | |||
| >20% | 2 | 1.55 (−3.66 to 6.78) | 84.5% and 0.011 | |
| ≤20% | 2 | 4.16 (3.29 to 5.03) | 0.0% and 0.474 | |
|
| ||||
| Anti-coagulant status codes | 0.014 | |||
| 1 | 7 | 21.28 (11.09 to 31.47) | 98.9% and 0.001 | |
| 2 | – | – | – | |
| 3 | 1 | 4.20 (1.09 to 7.31) | – | |
| 4 | 2 | 3.95 (3.27 to 4.64) | 0.0% and 0.831 | |
| 5 | 4 | 1.08 (−0.357 to 2.534) | 87.1% and 0.001 | |
| 6 | 1 | −1.50 (−5.53 to 2.53) | – | |
|
| ||||
| AF | 0.97 | |||
| Chronic | 3 | 16.58 (−1.97 to 35.14) | 95.6% and 0.001 | |
| Non-chronic | 2 | 3.80 (3.16 to 4.44) | 0.0% and 0.448 | |
|
| ||||
| Type of AF | 0.26 | |||
| Paroxysmal | 1 | 3.88 (2.87 to 4.88) | – | |
| Persistent | 1 | 4.03 (3.08 to 4.97) | – | |
| Permanent | 1 | 5.90 (3.49 to 8.31) | – | |
|
| ||||
| Cigarette smoking | 0.95 | |||
| >30% | 2 | 5.35 (3.73 to 6.97) | 0.0% and 0.568 | |
| ≤30% | 4 | 3.80 (3.13 to 4.48) | 56.9% and 0.07 | |
|
| ||||
| von Willebrand Factor | ||||
|
| ||||
| Year of publication | 0.98 | |||
| >2000 | 28 | 27.50 (19.43 to 35.56) | 96.3% and 0.001 | |
| ≤2000 | 4 | 23.67 (9.80 to 37.53) | 99.5% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| Geographic area | 0.01 | |||
| Asian | 4 | 15.19 (7.19 to 23.19) | 15.4% and 0.315 | |
| European | 25 | 30.91 (22.26 to 39.56) | 99% and 0.001 | |
| Africa | – | – | – | |
| North American | 3 | 13.23 (10.42 to 16.04) | 0.0% and 0.423 | |
| South American | – | – | – | |
| Australia | – | – | – | |
|
| ||||
| Design of study | 0.05 | |||
| Cohort | 5 | 11.70 (6.62 to 16.78) | 66.4% and 0.018 | |
| Case-control | 27 | 29.97 (21.49 to 38.44) | 98.9% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| Number of population | 0.10 | |||
| >300 | 4 | 10.32 (5.54 to 15.09) | 63.8% and 0.041 | |
| ≤300 | 28 | 29.78 (21.48 to 38.08) | 98.8% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| Mean Age | 0.703 | |||
| >60 years | 22 | 27.88 (18.70 to 37.07) | 99.1% and 0.001 | |
| ≤60 years | 10 | 23.95 (16.11 to 31.79) | 85.4% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| Male | 0.44 | |||
| >70% | 13 | 27.82 (18.23 to 37.41) | 87.9% and 0.001 | |
| ≤70% | 15 | 28.74 (17.73 to 39.74) | 98% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| Diabetes mellitus | – | |||
| >30% | – | – | – | |
| ≤30% | 25 | 25.34 (16.93 to 33.76) | 95.6% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| Hypertension | 0.48 | |||
| >70% | 2 | 16.95 (−1.44 to 35.35) | 57% and 0.127 | |
| ≤70% | 24 | 27.42 (18.17 to 36.13) | 96.7% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| History of myocardial infarction | 0.97 | |||
| >20% | 3 | 20.98 (−14.49 to 0.56.4) | 98.7% and 0.001 | |
| ≤20% | 14 | 26.61 (14.62 to 38.60) | 97.2% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| Anti-coagulant status codes | 0.81 | |||
| 1 | 6 | 9.66 (5.59 to 13.74) | 93.5% and 0.001 | |
| 2 | 1 | 25 (11.14 to 38.85) | – | |
| 3 | 8 | 33.09 (18.72 to 47.47) | 90.9% and 0.001 | |
| 4 | 7 | 34.96 (24.55 to 45.38) | 92.4% and 0.001 | |
| 5 | 9 | 30.16 (13.83 to 46.49) | 95.9% and 0.001 | |
| 6 | 1 | 5.0 (−9.75 to 19.75) | – | |
|
| ||||
| AF | 0.65 | |||
| Chronic | 8 | 43 (29.03 to 56.97) | 93% and 0.001 | |
| Non-chronic | 12 | 26.73 (16.88 to 36.58) | 94.7% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| Type of AF | 0.75 | |||
| Paroxysmal | 4 | 29.17 (7.99 to 50.34) | 96.5% and 0.001 | |
| Persistent | 5 | 25.02 (6.51 to 43.52) | 96.1% and 0.001 | |
| Permanent | 4 | 43.01 (10.43 to 75.59) | 95.6% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| Cigarette smoking | 0.98 | |||
| >30% | 4 | 3.53 (2.48 to 4.58) | 95.8% and 0.001 | |
| ≤30% | 21 | 14.60 (13.67 to 15.53) | 98.7% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| Soluble thrombomodulin | ||||
|
| ||||
| Year of Publication | – | |||
| >2000 | 6 | 4.36 (2.79 to 5.93) | 86.8% and 0.001 | |
| ≤2000 | 1 | −13.0 (−19.12 to −6.87) | – | |
|
| ||||
| Geographic area | – | |||
| Asian | – | – | – | |
| European | 6 | 3.81 (0.35 to 7.27) | 92.6% and 0.001 | |
| Africa | – | – | – | |
| North American | – | – | – | |
| South American | 1 | 1.81 (1.03 to 2.58) | – | |
| Australia | – | – | – | |
|
| ||||
| Design of study | – | |||
| Cohort | 1 | 2.02 (1.88 to 2.15) | – | |
| Case-control | 6 | 3.87 (0.31 to 7.43) | 90.6% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| Number of population | All of studies have less than 300 cases | |||
| >300 | ||||
| ≤300 | ||||
|
| ||||
| Mean Age | – | |||
| >60 years | 4 | 6.04 (2.88 to 9.21) | 89.5% and 0.001 | |
| ≤60 years | 2 | −5.16 (−19.87 to 9.54) | 95.7% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| Male | – | |||
| >70% | 2 | 6.84 (0.02 to 13.65) | 86.8% and 0.001 | |
| ≤70% | 4 | 1.68 (−2.13 to 5.50) | 94.3% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| Diabetes mellitus | – | |||
| >30% | – | – | – | |
| ≤30% | 4 | 5.10 (2.03 to 8.17) | 91.2% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| Hypertension | – | |||
| >70% | – | – | – | |
| ≤70% | 4 | 5.10 (2.03 to 8.17) | 91.2% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| History of myocardial infarction | – | |||
| >20% | – | – | – | |
| ≤20% | 3 | 6.18 (4.78 to 7.58) | 0.0% and 0.794 | |
|
| ||||
| Anti-coagulant status codes | – | |||
| 1 | 3 | 4.36 (−0.52 to 9.25) | 56.9% and 0.09 | |
| 2 | – | – | – | |
| 3 | 1 | 12.28 (6.09 to 18.46) | – | |
| 4 | 2 | 6.02 (4.61 to 7.50) | 0.0% and 0.839 | |
| 5 | 1 | −5.27 (−19.76 to 9.21) | – | |
| 6 | – | – | – | |
|
| ||||
| AF | – | |||
| Chronic | 4 | 3.38 (−5.27 to 12.04) | 92.6% and 0.001 | |
| Non-chronic | 2 | 2.85 (1.52 to 4.17) | 88.7% and 0.001 | |
|
| ||||
| Type of AF | – | |||
| Paroxysmal | 1 | 2.02 (1.88 to 2.15) | – | |
| Persistent | – | – | – | |
| Permanent | 1 | 12.28 (6.09 to 18.46) | – | |
|
| ||||
| Cigarette smoking | – | |||
| >30% | 1 | 12.28 (6.09 to 18.46) | – | |
| ≤30% | 3 | 2.01 (1.88 to 2.14) | 56.3% and 0.101 | |