Table 2.
Adsorbed heavy metals, maximum adsorption capacity, pH and temperature for adsorption of heavy metals by mesoporous compounds.
| Adsorbent (interacting group) | Heavy metal (qmax, pH and t (°C)) | Isotherm | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| SBA-16 modified with n-propyl-salicylaldimine (–NH2) | Cu2+ (58 mg/g, 4, room) | Experimental | [168] |
| Co2+ (16 mg/g, 4, room) | Experimental | ||
| SBA-16 modified with n-propyl-salicylaldimine and salicylaldehyde (–N=) | Cu2+ (15.2 mg/g, 4, room) | Experimental | – |
| Co2+ (4.5 mg/g, 4, room) | Experimental | ||
| SiO2 modified with n-propyl-salicylaldimine (–NH2) | Cu2+ (45.2 mg/g, 4, room) | Experimental | – |
| Co2+ (11.2 mg/g, 4, room) | Experimental | ||
| SiO2 modified with n-propyl-salicylaldimine and salicylaldehyde (–N=) | Cu2+ (10.2 mg/g, 4, room) | Experimental | – |
| Co2+ (3.6 mg/g, 4, room) | Experimental | ||
| 3-Aminopropyl-functionalized MCM-41 (ammonium group) | Arsenate (64.4 mg/g, 3–4,room) | Experimental | [169] |
| Chromate (52.9 mg/g, 7–8,room) | Experimental | ||
| 3-Aminopropyl-functionalized SBA-1 (ammonium group) | Arsenate (94.2 mg/g, 3–4,room) | Experimental | – |
| Chromate (132.7 mg/g, 7–8,room) | Experimental | ||
| H2N–(CH2)2–NH–(CH2)3–functionalized SBA-15 (–NH2 and –NH–) | Cu2+ (0.83 mmol/g, neutral, 25) | Langmuir | [170] |
| 3-Aminopropyl-functionalized SBA–15–N–C–H (–NH2) | Cu2+ (0.39 mmol/g, neutral, 25) | Langmuir | – |
| 3-Aminopropyl-functionalized SBA–15–N–E (–NH2) | Cu2+ (0.35 mmol/g, neutral, 25) | Langmuir | – |
| 3-Aminopropyl-functionalized SBA–15–N–C (–NH2) | Cu2+ (0.24 mmol/g, neutral, 25) | Langmuir | – |
| 3-(2-Aminoethylamino) propyltrimethoxysilane modified ordered mesoporous silica | As(V) (10.3 mg/g, 7, room) | Experimental | [171] |
| N-propyl aniline-functionalized MCM-41 (–NH–) | Arsenate (0.85 mmol/g, 4.2, room) | Experimental | [172] |
| Hg2+ (0.92 mmol/g, 3.5, room) | Experimental | ||
| Pb2+ (0.78 mmol/g, 5.8, room) | Experimental | ||
| H2N–functionalized SBA-15 (–NH2) | Cu2+ (1.28 mg/g, neutral, room) | Experimental | [173] |
| Pb2+ (1.31 mg/g, neutral, room) | Experimental | ||
| Cd2+ (1.35 mg/g, neutral, room) | Experimental | ||
| Imidazole-functionalized SBA-15 (N atoms of imidazole) | Pd2+ (0.091 mmol/g, 4, room) | Experimental | [174] |
| Pt2+ (0.091 mmol/g, 4, room) | Experimental | ||
| SBA-15 modified with 3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane and salicylaldehyde (–N= and –O− groups) | Cu2+ (46 mg/g, 4.8, room) | Experimental | [175] |
| Ni2+ (22 mg/g, 4.8, room) | Experimental | ||
| Co2+ (19 mg/g, 4.8, room) | Experimental | ||
| Zn2+ (26 mg/g, 4.8, room) | Experimental | ||
| Amino-functionalized mesoporous silica (–NH2 and –OH) | Ni2+ (2.48 mmol/g, 8.5, 25) | Sips | [176] |
| 2-Mercaptopyrimidine-functionalized SBA-15 (N and S atoms) | Cd2+ (0.99 mmol/g, 6, 25) | Experimental | [177] |
| 3-Aminopropyl-functionalized MCM-41 (–NH2) | Au3+ (0.4 mmol/g, 2.5, room) | Experimental | [178] |
| NH(propyl)-functionalized MCM-41 (–NH–) | Au3+ (0.33 mmol/g, 2.5, room) | Experimental | – |
| N(propyl)2-functionalized MCM-41 (N atom of amine group) | Au3+ (0.2 mmol/g, 2.5, room) | Experimental | – |
| Chemically modified MCM-41 (–NH– and –NH2) | Hg2+ (0.7 mmol/g, 5, 25) | Langmuir | [179] |
| 3-Aminopropyl-functionalized MCM-41 (–NH2) | Ag+ (0.62 mmol/g, 5, 22) | Experimental | [180] |
| Cu2+ (0.84 mmol/g, 5, 22) | Experimental | ||
| 3-Mercaptopropyl-functionalized MCM-41 (–SH) | Ag+ (0.97 mmol/g, 5, 22) | Experimental | – |
| Cu2+ (0.02 mmol/g, 5, 22) | Experimental | ||
| 3-Mercaptopropyl-functionalized SBA-16 (–SH) | Cu2+ (36.42 mg/g, 5.5, 25) | Langmuir | [181] |
| 3-Aminopropyl-modified SBA-15 (–NH2) | Cu2+ (73.5 mg/g, 6.3, 25) | Langmuir | [182] |
| SBB or N-((trimethoxysilyl)propyl)-N,N,N-tri-n-butylammonium chloride-functionalized SBA-15 (quaternary ammonium) | ReO4− (1.85 mmol/g, 6.4, room) | Experimental | [183] |
| 3-Aminopropyl and 3-mercaptopropyl bi-functionalized mesoporous silica (–SH) | Hg2+ (1.51 mmol/g, neutral, room) | Experimental | [184] |
| Meso-structured silica modified with 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxy silane and 9-(chloromethyl)anthracene (–SH) | Pb2+ (13.96 mg/g, neutral, 25) | Experimental | [185] |
| Cu2+ (12.56 mg/g, neutral, 25) | Experimental | ||
| Hg2+ (12.09 mg/g, neutral, 25) | Experimental | ||
| Zn2+ (3.69 mg/g, neutral, 25) | Experimental | ||
| 3-Mercaptopropyl-functionalized SBA-15 (–SH) | Hg2+ (2.88 mmol/g, 4.5, 20) | Langmuir | [186] |
| Ordered mesoporous silica modified with 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole (–SH) | Hg2+ (1.7 g/g, neutral, room) | Experimental | [187] |
| 1-Benzoyl-3-propylthiourea-functionalized MCM-41 (=N, =O, –NH– and –NH2 groups) | Hg2+ (1 g/g, neutral, room) | Experimental | [188] |
| Disulfide-bridged periodical mesoporous organosilica (–S–S–) | Hg2+ (716 mg/g, 2, room) | Experimental | [189] |
| 3-Mercaptopropyl-functionalized MCM-41 (–SH) | Hg2+ (0.59 mmol/g, neutral, room) | Experimental | [36] |
| 3-Mercaptopropyl-functionalized HMS (–SH) | Hg2+ (1.5 mmol/g, neutral, room) | Experimental | – |
| Mesoporous thioether-functionalized polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)/SiO2 composite (–S–) | Hg2+ (4.26 mmol/g, 2, room) | Experimental | [190] |
| Disulfide-functionalized SBA-1 (–SH) | Hg2+ (849 mg/g, 2, room) | Experimental | [191] |
| 3-(((5-ethoxybenzenethiol)imino)methyl)-salicylic acid immobilized onto mesoporous silica (–N= and –SH groups) | Pd2+ (164.2 mg/g, 3, room) | Langmuir | [192] |
| 3-(3-(Methoxycarbonyl)benzylidene) hydrazinyl)benzoic acid immobilized onto mesoporous silica (C=O and –N=NH–) | Cu2+ (145.98 mg/g, 7, room) | Langmuir | [193] |
| 3-(2-Aminoethylamino)propyl-functionalized mesoporous silica (–NH– and –NH2) | Cu2+ (0.107 mmol/g, 3, room) | Experimental | [194] |
| 3-Aminopropyl-functionalized MCM-41 (–NH2) | Cd2+ (0.71 mmol/g, 5, 22) | Experimental | [195] |
| Ni2+ (0.69 mmol/g, 5, 22) | Experimental | ||
| Diamino-functionalized MCM-41 | Co2+ (0.69 mmol/g, neutral, 25) | Experimental | [196] |
| Ni2+ (0.52 mmol/g, neutral, 25) | Experimental | ||
| Diamino-functionalized MCM-48 | Co2+ (1 mmol/g, neutral, 25) | Experimental | – |
| Ni2+ (0.86 mmol/g, neutral, 25) | Experimental | ||
| Aminopropyl grafted SBA-15 modified with EDTA (–NH– and –COO−) | Pb2+ (273.2 mg/g, 5, 25) | Langmuir | [197] |
| CONH2-functionalized SBA-15 (CONH2 group) | Cu2+ (1.4 mmol/g, 5, 298) | Langmuir | [198] |