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. 2014 May 14;7(5):3855–3866. doi: 10.3390/ma7053855

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© 2014 by the authors;

licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

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Figure 2. — Different cases of the wrapping process of a nanoparticle (with ligands) by a lipid membrane with various embedded receptors. (a) Adhesion of the nanoparticle on the membrane. Receptor type: R1T_r6; receptor number: N = 1120; ligand-receptor binding strength: ε = 3k_BT; (b) wrapping of the nanoparticle by the membrane. Receptor type: R1T_r6; receptor number: N = 1120; ε = 10k_BT; (c) wrapping of the nanoparticle by the membrane along with the rupture of the membrane. Receptor type: R1T_r6; receptor number: N = 1120; ε = 20k_BT; (d) adhesion of the nanoparticle on the membrane. Receptor type: R7T_r6; receptor number: N = 160; ε = 3k_BT; (e) frustrated wrapping of the nanoparticle by the membrane. Receptor type: R7T_r6; receptor number: N = 160; ε = 20k_BT.