Figure 1.

A scheme of the charge separation process at the Donor:Acceptor interface in a hybrid solar cell. The major photovoltaic steps include: photo-excitation into excitons (1), excitons migration to interfaces (2), charge transfer from the donor to the acceptor at the interface (3), charge migration to electrodes (4) and charge injections into electrodes. There are also competition processes, which can reduce the photovoltaic conversion efficiency, including the recombination of the excitons in the donor and separated charges at the interfaces.