Table 1.
Comparison of middle-aged adults with and without childhood-onset type 1 diabetes (T1D).
| Non-T1D (N=135) | T1D (N=95) | p-value1 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N (%), Mean ± SD, or Median (IQR) | |||
| Digit Symbol Substitution Test score (DSST) | 63.36 ± 12.14 | 54.74 ± 13.86 | <0.001 |
| Age-, sex-, education-adjusted DSST score | 63.27 ± 5.78 | 54.63 ± 7.53 | <0.001 |
| Demographics | |||
| Age (years) | 48.69 ± 7.28 | 49.06 ± 6.70 | 0.63 |
| Female | 73 (54%) | 48 (51%) | 0.71 |
| Education (years) | 16 ± 3 | 15 ± 3 | 0.004 |
| Serum glucose (mg/dL) | 91.14 ± 16.33 | 176.13 ± 86.34 | <0.001 |
| Serum glucose >200 mg/dL | 24 (26%) | ||
| History of smoking 100+ cigarettes | 57 (42%) | 36 (38%) | 0.27 |
| Depressive symptoms 2 | 4/134 (3%) | 24/81 (30%) | <0.001 |
| Beck Depression Inventory Score | 7 (3–10) | ||
| Center for Epidemiologic Studies –Depression Scale Score | 4 (1–7) | ||
| Microvascular Disease | |||
| White matter hyperintensity (WMH; % total brain volume) 3 | 0.145 (0.088–0.205) | 0.185 (0.120–0.346) | 0.001 |
| WMH severity (Fazekas 2–3 vs 1) | 6/81 (7%) | 28/88 (32%) | <0.001 |
| Cardiac autonomic neuropathy 4 | 40 (46%) | ||
| Distal symmetric polyneuropathy 4 | 45 (51%) | ||
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate 4 | 83.32 ± 23.67 | ||
| Proliferative retinopathy 4 | 44 (47%) | ||
| Cardio-metabolic Factors | |||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 119.68 ± 9.72 | 119.43 ± 15.48 | 0.81 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 78.33 ± 7.06 | 65.85 ± 9.82 | <0.001 |
| BMI (m2/kg) | 28.46 ± 5.57 | 27.37 ± 4.77 | 0.096 |
| Diabetes-Specific Factors | |||
| T1D duration (years) | 40.94 ± 6.19 | ||
| Age at diagnosis (years) | 8.12 ± 4.17 | ||
| HbA1c months, 1986–2013 (AU) | 1109.63 ± 432.09 | ||
| Number of severe hypoglycemic events 5 | 3 (1–6) | ||
| Glucose disposal rate (mg/kg/min) | 7.22 ± 2.45 | ||
All measures assessed in 2010–2013 unless otherwise indicated. P-values adjusted for sex and education.
1
Statistical significance for non-T1D cohort at p<=0.004 and for T1D cohort at p<=0.002, per Bonferroni correction;
2
Beck Depression Inventory Score>=10 for T1D; Center for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression Scale Score>=16 for non-T1D
3
p-values based on log-transformed values
4
Assessed in 2004–2006
5
Assessed from 1986–88 (parent study baseline) through 2004–06