Table 3.

Linear regression models testing contributions of a priori selected regional gray matter volumes (GMV) to Digit Symbol Substitution Test score in adults with and without type 1 diabetes (N=169).

Factor(s) in Model	Model 1a	Model 2b	Model 3c	Model 4d
	Standardized β (p-value)
Type 1 diabetes	−0.358 (<0.001)	−0.202 (0.012)	−0.171 (0.033)	−0.195 (0.009)
Left putamen *		0.285 (<0.001)	0.241 (0.003)	0.196 (0.010)
WMH severity			−0.184 (0.010)	−0.095 (0.16)
Age				−0.332 (<0.001)
Type 1 diabetes	−0.358 (<0.01)	−0.231 (0.005)	−0.193 (0.018)	−0.219 (0.004)
Right putamen *		0.231 (0.005)	0.192 (0.018)	0.145 (0.057)
WMH severity			−0.199 (0.005)	−0.107 (0.12)
Age				−0.337 (<0.001)
Type 1 diabetes	−0.358 (<0.001)	−0.295 (<0.001)
Left thalamus		0.121 (0.14)
Type 1 diabetes	−0.358 (<0.001)	−0.315 (0.001)
Right thalamus		0.074 (0.39)

^*Indicates normalized GMV for this region significantly attenuated the relationship between type 1 diabetes and DSST;

Regional GMV normalized to total brain volume.

White matter hyperintensity (WMH) severity: Fazekas score 2–3 vs. 1

Factors in model:

^aT1D status, education, sex

^bModel 1 plus regional GMV

^cModel 2 further adjusted for WMH severity

^dModel 3 further adjusted for age