Table 4.

Linear regression models showing relationships between a priori selected regional gray matter volumes (GMV) and Digit Symbol Substitution Test in adults with type 1 diabetes (N=88).

	Factor(s) in Model	Model 1a	Model 2b	Model 3c	Model 4d
		Standardized β (p-value)
Left Putamen	GMV	0.293 (0.003)	0.246 (0.006)	0.284 (0.004)	0.238 (0.015)
	Age		−0.406 (<0.001)
	Hyperglycemia			−0.118 (0.22)
	WMH severity				−0.247 (0.011)
Right Putamen	GMV	0.242 (0.015)	0.207 (0.021)	0.236 (0.017)	−0.207 (0.031)
	Age		−0.417 (<0.001)
	Hyperglycemia			−0.129 (0.19)
	WMH severity				−0.273 (0.005)
Left Thalamus	GMV	0.269 (0.006)	0.288 (0.001)	0.261 (0.008)	0.204 (0.037)
	Age		−0.449 (<0.001)
	Hyperglycemia			−0.122 (0.21)
	WMH severity				−0.245 (0.013)
Right Thalamus	GMV	0.198 (0.046)	0.223 (0.012)	0.191 (0.054)	0.121 (0.22)
	Age		−0.449 (<0.001)
	Hyperglycemia			−0.129 (0.19)
	WMH severity				−0.264 (0.009)

Regional GMV normalized to total brain volume.

White matter hyperintensity (WMH) severity: Fazekas score 2–3 vs. 1

Factors in model:

Model 1: Regional GMV, education, sex

Model 2: Model 1 plus age

Model 3: Model 1 plus HbA1c months (see (23) for details)

Model 4: Model 1 plus WMH severity