Table 3.
Effects of Cognitive Training on Turn 360- Treatment-Received Model Results
| Speed of processing training vs. no-contact control |
Reasoning training vs. no-contact control |
Memory training vs. no-contact control |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| Est. (SE) | 95% CI | Est. (SE) | 95% CI | Est. (SE) | 95% CI | |
|
Fixed effects
| ||||||
| Intercept | .012 (.026) | [−.038, .062] | .024 (.028) | [−.031, .078] | −.006 (.025) | [−.055, .043] |
| Training Sessions | −.008 (.003)** | [−.014,−.003] | −.010 (.003)** | [−.015, −.004] | −.008 (.003)** | [−.013, −.003] |
| Age | .041 (.004)*** | [.034, .049] | .042 (.004)*** | [.033, .050] | .038(.004)*** | [.031, .046] |
| Non-White | −.106 (.046)* | [−.197, −.015] | −.152 (.050)** | [−.249, −.055] | −.104 (.046)* | [−.194, −.014] |
| Physical functioning |
−.011 (.001)*** | [−.013, −.010] | −.012 (.001)*** | [−.014, −.010] | −.012 (.001)*** | [−.013, −.010] |
| Time | .006 (.001)*** | [.005 .007] | .006 (.001)*** | [.005, .008] | .006 (.001)*** | [.005, .008] |
| Age*Time | <.001 (<.001)*** | [<.001, .001] | <.001 (<.001)** | [<.001, .001] | <.001 (<.001)*** | [<.001, .001] |
|
| ||||||
|
Random effects
| ||||||
| Residual | .365 (.013)*** | [.340, .392] | .399 (.015)*** | [.371, .430] | .360 (.013)*** | [.335, .387] |
| Intercept | .356 (.029)*** | [.303, .418] | .442 (.034)*** | [.380, .513] | .335 (.028)*** | [.285, .395] |
| Time | <.001 (<.001)** | [<.001, <.001] | <.001 (<.001)* | [<.001, <.001] | <.001 (<.001)** | [<.001, <.001] |
| Covariance (intercept, time) |
<.001 (.001) | [−.001, .001] | <.001 (.001) | [−.001, .001] | .001 (.001) | [<−.001, .002] |
Note. Higher scores on Turn 360 indicate worse performance. Final analytic samples with complete baseline outcome and covariate data were speed of processing training (n=673), reasoning training (n=667), memory training (n=678), and control (n=673). Est. = Unstandardized Estimate, CI = Confidence Interval, SE = Standard Error.
*
p < .05
**
p < .01
***
p < .001.