Table 2.
Median-scaled relative abundance of rice bran cofactors & vitamins metabolites with medicinal properties
| Metabolite | HMDB ID | Calrose | Dixiebelle | Neptune | Function | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alpha-tocopherol | 01893 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.03 | • Antioxidant (antioxidant activity against (Fe2+ + ascorbate) and (Fe 2+ + NADPH)-induced lipid peroxidation, decreases plasma and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidizability) • Anti-hypertensive (inhibits smooth muscle cell proliferation by inhibiting protein kinase C activity) |
(Serbinova et al. 1991) (Kontush et al. 1996) (Chatelain et al. 1993) |
| Alpha-tocopherol acetate | 34227 | 0.02 | 0.04 | ND | • Boosts alpha-tocopherol antioxidant bioactivity | (Brigelius-Flohe and Traber, 1999) |
| Alpha-tocotrienol | 06327 | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.05 | • Antioxidant | (Serbinova et al. 1991) |
| Beta-tocopherol | 06335 | 0.001 | ND | ND | • Antioxidant (free radical scavenging) | (Kadoma et al. 2006) |
| Delta-tocopherol | 02902 | ND | 0.01 | ND | • Antioxidant (free radical scavenging) • Anti-hypertensive (inhibits smooth muscle cell proliferation by inhibiting protein kinase C activity) |
(Kadoma et al. 2006) (Chatelain et al. 1993) |
| Gamma-tocopherol | 01492 | ND | 0.07 | 0.03 | • Anti-inflammatory • Anti-hypertensive (inhibits smooth muscle cell proliferation by inhibiting protein kinase C activity) |
(Jiang et al. 2000) (Chatelain et al. 1993) |
| Gamma-tocotrienol | 12958 | 0.03 | 0.17 | 0.12 | • Radio-protector • Anti-hypertensive |
(Ghosh et al. 2009) |
| Glucarate (saccharate)a | 00663 | 0.89 | 0.13 | ND | • Cancer chemopreventive (by inhibiting serum β-glucuronidase) | (Lampe et al. 2002) (Hanausek et al. 2003) |
| Nicotinamide (vitamin B3) | 01406 | 2.00 | 2.04 | 4.28 | • Anti-inflammatory (treatment of skin disorders such as acne vulgaris) • Cancer chemopreventive (treatment of non-melanoma skin cancer) • Treatment of Alzheimer's disease (by inhibiting of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) and neuro-inflammatory enzyme) |
(Khodaeiani et al. 2013; Niren, 2006) (A. C. Chen et al. 2015; Surjana et al. 2012) (Turunc Bayrakdar et al. 2014) |
| Nicotinate | 01488 | 12.11 | 12.11 | 21.17 | • Anti-hyperlipidemic | (Duggal et al. 2010; Figueroa et al. 2015; Zema, 2000) |
| Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) | 02075 | 2.67 | 4.22 | 5.03 | • Required for biosynthesis of amino acids, sugars and fatty acids, and major centrally-acting neurotransmitters (e.g. serotonin, dopamine, and GABA) • Anti-hypertensive • Anti-hyperlipidemic • Anti-hyperglycemic • Cancer chemopreventive (colon cancer) |
(Percudani and Peracchi, 2009) (Yarlagadda and Clayton, 2007) (Hellmann and Mooney, 2010) (Larsson et al. 2010) |
| Threonic acida | 00943 | 36.15 | 20.99 | 16.44 | • Prevention of androgen-driven balding • Increases bioavailability of vitamin C for T-cells (calcium L-threonate) • Increases bioavailability of iron (is used for treatment of iron deficiency anemia |
(Kwack et al. 2010) (Fay and Verlangieri, 1991) (X. X. Li et al. 2005) |
| Trigonelline | 00875 | 608.11 | 0.77 | 11.59 | • Cancer chemopreventive | (Hirakawa et al. 2005) (Liao et al. 2015) |
ND: Not Detected
aNewly identified for expression in rice bran