Table 3.

The magnitude of traction forces acting on the glycocalyx, apical layer, SFs, FAs, ADJs and nucleus. In last six rows, the relaxation time of all subcellular structures are assumed to be 0.

	cellular structure
traction force	multi-directional disturbed flow	pulsatile flow with reversal	purely forward flow	steady flow
glycocalyx	3.07 nN	2.94 nN	2.80 nN	2.03 nN
apical layer	19.22 nN	18.66 nN	11.86 nN	10.96 nN
SFs	0.53–6.6 pN	0.37–7.8 pN	0.74–25.3 pN	0.7–24.4 pN
FAs	0.7–1.35 pN	0.8–1.35 pN	0.95–2.2 pN	0.8–1.5 pN
ADJs	1.62–9.66 pN	0.48–9.10 pN	0.42–14.17 pN	0.32–14.09 pN
nucleus	25 nN	23 nN	68 nN	62 nN
glycocalyx (relaxation time = 0)	3.40 nN	3.29 nN	3.07 nN	2.22 nN
apical layer (relaxation time = 0)	13.73 nN	13.17 nN	12.19 nN	8.86 nN
SFs (relaxation time = 0)	1.9–48 pN	1.1–39 pN	0.7–25.5 pN	0.7–24.4 pN
FAs (relaxation time = 0)	1–2.4 pN	1.1–2.4 pN	1–2.8 pN	0.6–1.9 pN
ADJs (relaxation time = 0)	3.2–20 pN	0.5–19.3 pN	0.45–17.5 pN	0.3–14 pN
nucleus (relaxation time = 0)	124 nN	105 nN	97 nN	65 nN