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. 2017 May 4;4(6):381–391. doi: 10.1002/acn3.414

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Effects of DMF and metabolite monomethyl fumarate (MMF) on cytokine and chemokine secretion by astrocytes. (A–C) DMF, not MMF, significantly reduces IL‐6 (A; n = 7 for 10 μmol/L DMF & MMF; n = 9 for all other conditions), CXCL10 (B; n = 7 for 10 μmol/L DMF & MMF; n = 9 for all other conditions) and CCL2 (C; n = 5 for 10 μmol/L DMF & MMF; n = 7 for all other conditions) by IL‐1β‐stimulated human fetal astrocytes in vitro (one‐way ANOVA; Dunnet post hoc comparison). (D–F) DMF also reduces IL‐6 (D; n = 5), CXCL10 (E; n = 5), and CCL2 (F; n = 4) secretion by IL‐1β‐stimulated murine astrocytes in vitro (one‐way ANOVA; Dunnet post hoc comparison). Error bars represent mean ± SEM; *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001 compared to vehicle treatment alone.